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黑果枸杞
$146.57
黑果枸杞在藏医药、蒙医药、维吾尔医药中应用历史悠久,被西部群众称为“软黄金”,但面临产业起步较晚、管理混乱、标准缺位、深加工产业滞后等问题。本书是一部全面论述黑果枸杞的专著,可为从事黑果枸杞种植、加工、质量控制、科学研究等人员提供翔实资料,对黑果枸杞产业标准化、规范化高质量发展具有重要的指导意义和参考价值。
本书以黑果枸杞地方民族用药为切入点,全面阐述黑果枸杞药用食用历史、种质资源分布、气象及生态影响、生物学及生药学特性、化学与药理学研究进展等内容。通过综合测定分析黑果枸杞所含活性成分,评价不同产区的产品质量、制定地方药材质量标准。同时,将黑果枸杞的育种育苗、栽培、采收、贮存与深加工等技术归纳总结,形成示范性指南。
海平,青海省药品检验检测院院长、研究员。青海省医学学科带头人,国家药品监督管理局中药(藏药)质量控制重点实验室主任,青海省中藏药现代化研究重点实验室主任,青海省青藏高原中藏药材科研科普基地主任。主要从事药理毒理、药品检验及质量控制研究等。主持参与、省级课题40余项。获青海省部科技进步奖二等奖、三等奖,青海省医药卫生科技奖,取得青海省科技成果32项。出版《柴达木枸杞》等著作及科普书籍11部,获得授权专利25项,发表论文84篇,组织完成药品标准制修订200余项。王水潮,青海省药品检验检测院主任药师。从事药品检验与监督、中藏药资源调查、药品标准研究工作。获青海省科技进步奖2项,青海省卫生厅科技三等奖2项,中国药品生物制品鉴定所优秀成果奖1项。编写《矿物药历史沿革与演变》《青海省食品药品检验简史》《柴达木枸杞》等30余部专著,发表论文27篇。
章 黑果枸杞药食同源简史节 黑果枸杞药用历史一、藏医药应用历史二、维吾尔医药应用历史三、中医药应用历史第二节 黑果枸杞食用历史一、食用历史考证二、主产区人群食用调研三、进入全国“食”字号大军第三节 黑果枸杞药食同源机制一、药用价值二、食用价值附 黑果枸杞的历史传说第二章 黑果枸杞野生资源节 黑果枸杞起源第二节 黑果枸杞资源调查一、实地调查二、第四次全国中药资源普查三、文献调查四、标本馆原植物与标本调研第三节 世界野生黑果枸杞分布第四节 中国野生黑果枸杞分布一、资源区域二、生态环境三、群落特征四、资源现状第五节 黑果枸杞资源区划一、青海野生黑果枸杞资源二、新疆野生黑果枸杞资源三、河西走廊野生黑果枸杞资源四、宁夏野生黑果枸杞资源五、内蒙古野生黑果枸杞资源第六节 黑果枸杞资源利用与保护一、优质的生物资源二、资源现状三、资源保护第三章 黑果枸杞种质资源节 黑果枸杞种质资源概况第二节 黑果枸杞种质资源分述一、黑果枸杞二、黑果枸杞栽培品三、黑杞1号四、黑杂1号五、“诺黑”种源六、青黑杞1号七、“焦宝兴”黑果枸杞八、“紫宝”黑果枸杞九、华坤黑果枸杞十、无刺黑果枸杞十一、清水河枸杞(栽培品)十二、小叶黄果枸杞(栽培品)十三、白果枸杞十四、黑果枸杞5号
第三节 黑果枸杞特异性状类型种质63一、变异率调查63二、特殊性状果实种质三、白果变异研究四、不同色果化学成分差异第四节 黑果枸杞种质资源研究与评价一、种子贮藏与萌发特性研究二、多倍体种质研究三、嫁接技术研究四、杂交技术研究五、资源形态分类与评价第五节 黑果枸杞种植资源分布一、青海黑果枸杞种植概况二、新疆黑果枸杞种植概况三、甘肃黑果枸杞种植概况四、宁夏黑果枸杞种植概况五、内蒙古黑果枸杞种植概况第六节 黑果枸杞种质资源保存与保护一、青海黑果枸杞种质资源保护二、甘肃资源保存圃三、宁夏枸杞工程中心品种资源圃第四章 黑果枸杞生物学特征节 黑果枸杞植物形态特征一、植株性状描述考证二、形态类型研究三、柴达木黑果枸杞形态调查四、河西走廊黑果枸杞形态特征五、栽培与野生黑果枸杞形态比较第二节 黑果枸杞器官与解剖形态特征一、根系组成二、叶形态特征三、茎和棘刺形态与结构四、花部形态与解剖结构五、果实形态与解剖结构第三节 黑果枸杞繁育系统特征一、花物候期二、花粉形态特征三、繁育系统检测四、传粉生物性......
黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)系茄科(Solanaceae)枸杞属(Lycium)植物,为多年生灌木分布于青海、陕西北部、宁夏、甘肃、新疆、内蒙古和西藏等地。常生于盐碱土荒地、沙地或路旁,耐干旱,利于水土保持。其果实为紫黑色浆果,是食药两用的特色植物资源。黑果枸杞食用历史悠久,据《北史》记载,“吐谷浑北乙弗无敌国……唯食鱼及苏子,苏子状若枸杞子,或赤或黑”。生活在今柴达木盆地的古老先人已有一千多年食用“三刺”(黑红枸杞、白刺、沙棘)的历史,新疆小河古墓出土文物中也发现了黑果枸杞残骸。2017年国家卫生和计划生育委员会公布黑果枸杞可作为普通食品管理,至此,黑果枸杞由地方食用品变为全国性食品,有了合法身份,其营养价值与活性功能被广泛研究,应用到食品、药品、保健食品、化妆品等领域。黑果枸杞具有较强的生态资源效益,其生物特性表现为根系发达、生命力顽强,能在海拔200~4000m、温度一40~38℃的气候环境下存活和生长,具有较强的水土保持、绿化环境作用,其强大的光合作用与抗逆性对我国西部地区生态环境保护发挥着不可替代的作用,是治理盐碱、风沙、荒漠的先锋树种。随着研究的不断深入,黑果枸杞药食功效与生态价值被人们认识,在市场很受青睐,价格逐年飙升,但受利益驱动的无序采集曾一度使其野生资源急剧减少。2012年后政府采取各种措施鼓励在沙漠、戈壁开展黑果枸杞栽培,实现区域化种植,有效地恢复、保护并扩大黑果枸杞种植规模。近年来黑果枸杞种子育苗、扦插育苗,特别是组织培养育苗技术发展迅速,丰产栽培、篱架栽培及经济林建设步入标准化、规范化、科学化,种植面积不断扩大,已由西部分布区引种至东北、河北、河南、安徽、广东等地。黑果枸杞作为地方民族药材,先后收载于《四部医典》(公元8世纪)、《晶珠本草》(1835)、《中国藏药》(1985)等经典古籍与现代著作中,主要用于治疗心热病、心脏病、月经不调、停经等。据《维吾尔药志》(1985)记载,黑果枸杞果实及根皮可治疗尿道结石、癣疥、齿龈出血等症,民间用于滋补强身、明目及降血压。现代研究表明,黑果枸杞主要含有多糖、生物碱、黄酮类(花青素)等物质,是迄今发现的花青素含量的植物,被称为“花青素之王”。花青素被誉为“第七营养物质”,是一种强效抗氧化剂,具有延缓衰老、增强血管弹性等作用;可穿透血脑屏障,保护脑神经;可促进视网膜细胞中视紫质的再生,从而增进视力。黑果枸杞在预防心脑血管疾病、保护视力、改善睡眠等方面的价值已被医药界普遍重视并应用,使这一西部特色资源走向国内外医药保健、康养、美容市场并掀起热潮,以黑果枸杞为原料的干果、饮料、酒剂、茶剂、粉剂、片剂等一系列食品、保健食品应运而生。据统计,现已发表的黑果枸杞相关科研论文1200余篇,其中2015—2021年发表的占90%,已取得种植、深加工专利560余件。整个黑果枸杞产业链呈增长趋势,但与红枸杞、蓝莓产业相比还缺乏竞争力。目前尚无系统论述黑果枸杞的专著,整个产业仍处于需提质增效的起步阶段,90%产品以干果销售形式进入流通市场,技术含量较低,产品种类少,行业规范性仍存缺陷。黑果枸杞品牌效应仍然较弱,特别是柴达木盆地中心产区,还没有进入地理标志产品保护之列,在市场上尚未形成拳头产品。黑果枸杞在市场上价格时涨时跌,并存在夸大功效的尴尬局面。笔者经过多年调研,认为应对黑果枸杞树立科学客观的态度。首先,应深入认识黑果枸杞的应用价值,即黑果枸杞是具有食药两用经济价值和生态价值的珍贵植物资源,应合理开发利用并扩大种植资源;其次,应聚焦黑果枸杞药用功效与保健食用功能,开发具有知识产权的功能产品,更好地为人类健康服务;再者,不断创新研发技术,规范黑果枸杞产业化发展。基于此,编著《黑果枸杞》一书。笔者调研收集全国各地63份黑果枸杞样品,对比研究其生药质量与化学成分含量,分析研究青海道地优质品种质量特征,形成黑果枸杞种植加工标准与规范;汇总黑果枸杞资源调查与种植、生物与生态特性研究文献,以及植物化学与药理研究进展;结合调研取得的手资料,借鉴各省区第四次全国中药资源普查成果,整理编著成书。《黑果枸杞》全书分十章,详细介绍了黑果枸杞药食应用历史考证、野生资源、种质资源、生物学特征、生态学特征、化学成分研究、药理研究、生药学研究、繁育种植技术、产品深加工内容。因作者水平有限,不足之处在所难免,敬请广大读者提供修改意见,以期后续完善提高。
编 者2022年5月
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