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鸟的智慧:插图鸟类学史
$53.54
英国皇家学会院士、畅销书作者伯克黑德关于鸟类学的集大成之作,从历史上的鸟类知识到今天前沿的鸟类研究,以插图结合文字的形式,深入浅出地探讨了鸟类爱好者感兴趣的各类话题。
英国《每日电讯》称之为“*有趣、丰富和热忱的鸟类学史著作”。
本书囊括了有关鸟类的各方面知识,从鸟蛋到鸟的繁殖,从领域行为到鸣唱、迁徙等;与此同时,追溯了几百年以来人们是如何克服偏见和未经验证的“常识”,逐步获取知识和洞见的。本书从人类对鸟类和自然的兴趣出发,以100多幅精选的优美插图为轴,将整部鸟类科学史贯穿起来,深入浅出地揭示了自人类*初接触鸟类直至现代鸟类学诞生与蓬勃发展的历史脉络。
蒂姆·伯克黑德,英国皇家学会院士,在谢菲尔德大学任教,讲授动物行为学和科学史。他为《独立报》《新科学家》和《BBC野生动物》撰稿,编著有多部作品,其中《剑桥鸟类百科全书》曾获麦科尔文奖,《鸟类的感官》(中文版于2016年由商务印书馆出版)获2014年英国皇家学会科普奖。
中文版序... 7
序... 9
后记... 250
关于插图的说明... 253
注释... 260
参考文献... 260
术语表... 260
索引 271
刚开始撰写本书时,我满怀壮志地意图囊括各种养鸟方式,包括笼养宠物鸟、养家禽、养鸽、训隼等,看看它们如何影响了鸟类学的发展。然而当真正开始研究时,我才意识到我给自己定了一个多么艰巨的任务,因此不得不将范围缩小,以便能够完成计划。关于养鸟如何影响鸟类学发展,我基本只局限在了笼养宠物鸟。当然还有很多其它人鸟互动的形式,共同塑造了如今我们称为鸟类学的这个领域。
同样,我也只能将思考的范畴局限在西欧,虽然我深知养鸟和鸟类研究在世界各地都很流行。然而语言障碍和获取非欧洲地区文献的困难使我无法实施全球范围的研究。
从某种程度上来说,我局限于欧洲历史的主导原因还是文献的来源有限。现在看来可能难以置信,然而十年前当我刚开始写作本书时,想要找一些特定的文献,我必须从居住地谢菲尔德前往牛津、剑桥和伦敦等地的专业图书馆。在这十年中,很多早期的鸟类学文献都可以在网上获取了。要是我从头再来的话,肯定会花更多时间在电脑前面,而不是前往图书馆和拜访图书馆员,这样也不可避免会少了很多乐趣。于我而言,研究鸟类学历史的部分乐趣就在于与人打交道。在电脑上搜索文献是孤单的,虽然身体闲了,然而却不那么有意思,我喜欢与图书馆员和专家交谈,他们经常能告诉我一些之前完全想不到去翻阅的典籍。同样,我发现浏览馆藏经常有意外收获,让整个过程更为丰富。我分享研究工作中这些细节,是希望如果有人愿意扩充本书的视野,或者想撰写一本中国的鸟类学历史,我的经验能提供参考。
本书关注的重点是观念的起源以及我们如今的鸟类学知识是如何得来的——是谁在何时发现了什么。我力图溯本求源。至少在欧洲,鸟类学作为科学是从17世纪中期弗朗西斯·威路比和让·雷所做的研究开始的,这也是科学革命的一部分。当时人们所知的很多内容都来自古希腊,我也认可这一点,然而威路比和雷是首先以科学思维看待鸟类的人,他们重新评估了很多古代思想。通过总结一些课题的知识前沿,我也试图将科学革命以来人们做出的观察放到当代视角下来检视。
20、21世纪的鸟类学文献极其浩繁,想要提供的综述是很大的挑战。后来我和两位同事一起摸索出如何更为全面地总结达尔文时代以降的鸟类学,写成了《一万只鸟:达尔文后的鸟类学》(2014年,普林斯顿大学出版社)。
我是职业的科研工作者,你在阅读本书时就能明显看出,我的研究主要集中在研究鸟类的生殖,尤其是与滥交和精子竞争相关的行为、生理和演化意义上。人们曾认为鸟类是一夫一妻制的典范,然而我们现在知道不忠行为是普遍存在的,并不只是鸟类,对于动物界整体来说都是如此,而且也出现了很多相应的演化适应和逆适应。了解关于繁殖研究和鸟类学的历史对我作为生物学家的思维模式产生了深远的影响。鸟类学史让我加深了对鸟类和科学的理解,也启发了新的研究项目。我不仅和学生们分享我对鸟类学历史的热情,也通过演讲及撰写科普文章与公众交流。我深深希望本书能够给一些读者带来灵感,进而扬帆史海,以中国视角来记录鸟类学的历史。
蒂姆·伯克海德
2016年1月7日于英国谢菲尔德
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