阜外心电图图谱
阜外心电图图谱
书中的心电图诊断术语主要参考了中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会和中国医药生物技术协会心电学技术分会在北京国际心血管病论坛一现代心电图学分论坛上制订的心电图诊断名词规范化的专家共识。但仍有部分名词保留了各院校自身的一些特点,由于时问仓促,未能做到完全统一。欢迎广大读者对本书中存在的问题和错误提出批评、指正,以期今后达到心电图诊断名词的规范化和标准化,使该书日臻完善。
第二章 正常心电图
第三章 心房与心室肥大
第四章 房室阻滞
第五章 室内阻滞
第六章 其他室内阻滞
第七章 预激综合征
第八章 心肌梗死
第九章 冠状动脉供血不足
第十章 先天性心脏病
第十一章 心肌炎
第十二章 心肌病
第十三章 心包疾病
第十四章 心脏瓣膜病
节 概论
心脏在机械收缩前,先产生可传导到皮肤表面的生物电流,使身体各不同部位的体表出现电位差。通过心电图机将体表上这种电位差连续记录下来所得的曲线即为心电图。它是心肌电活动的反映。
由于人体是个导电体,心脏电活动所产生的电位变化可向体表任何部位传导,因此将电极放在体表任意两点,都可引导出心电的变化。为了确定一个标准的心电图形,也为了便于对不同的心电图进行比较,必须规定一个统一安放电极的部位和电极与心电图机的连接方式。这种引导电极安放的部位以及各电极与心电图机正负极的连接方式叫做导联。
目前国际上对常规心电图导联已有统一规定。包括:肢体导联(额面导联)和胸壁导联(横面导联)两部分。肢体导联又分成三个标准导联(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)和三个加压单极导联(aVR、aVL、aVF);胸壁导联共6个(V1~V6)。此外,不常用的导联有:右胸导联(V3R~V8R)、后壁导联(V7~V9)和比上述导联高一肋间导联(V1~V6)及低一肋间导联(V1~V6)等。
一、六轴系统与导联轴
(一)定义
某一导联正负极间的假想连线称为该导联的导联轴。每一导联轴可分正负两部分,与心电图机正极相连的一侧为正;与心电图机负极相连的一侧为负。将额面六个肢体导联轴或横面六个胸壁导联轴分别组成辐射状的图形,称为六轴系统。六轴系统是导联轴的一种表达方式。
(二)分类
1.额面六轴系统,又称:Bailey六轴系统,由六个肢体导联轴组成。
……
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom and Germany to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
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Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
-
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
-
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
-
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
-
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
-
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
-
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
-
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
-
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
-
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
-
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
-
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
-
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
-
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
-
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
-
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
-
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
-
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
-
Email: cs@everymarket.com
书中的心电图诊断术语主要参考了中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会和中国医药生物技术协会心电学技术分会在北京国际心血管病论坛一现代心电图学分论坛上制订的心电图诊断名词规范化的专家共识。但仍有部分名词保留了各院校自身的一些特点,由于时问仓促,未能做到完全统一。欢迎广大读者对本书中存在的问题和错误提出批评、指正,以期今后达到心电图诊断名词的规范化和标准化,使该书日臻完善。
第二章 正常心电图
第三章 心房与心室肥大
第四章 房室阻滞
第五章 室内阻滞
第六章 其他室内阻滞
第七章 预激综合征
第八章 心肌梗死
第九章 冠状动脉供血不足
第十章 先天性心脏病
第十一章 心肌炎
第十二章 心肌病
第十三章 心包疾病
第十四章 心脏瓣膜病
节 概论
心脏在机械收缩前,先产生可传导到皮肤表面的生物电流,使身体各不同部位的体表出现电位差。通过心电图机将体表上这种电位差连续记录下来所得的曲线即为心电图。它是心肌电活动的反映。
由于人体是个导电体,心脏电活动所产生的电位变化可向体表任何部位传导,因此将电极放在体表任意两点,都可引导出心电的变化。为了确定一个标准的心电图形,也为了便于对不同的心电图进行比较,必须规定一个统一安放电极的部位和电极与心电图机的连接方式。这种引导电极安放的部位以及各电极与心电图机正负极的连接方式叫做导联。
目前国际上对常规心电图导联已有统一规定。包括:肢体导联(额面导联)和胸壁导联(横面导联)两部分。肢体导联又分成三个标准导联(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)和三个加压单极导联(aVR、aVL、aVF);胸壁导联共6个(V1~V6)。此外,不常用的导联有:右胸导联(V3R~V8R)、后壁导联(V7~V9)和比上述导联高一肋间导联(V1~V6)及低一肋间导联(V1~V6)等。
一、六轴系统与导联轴
(一)定义
某一导联正负极间的假想连线称为该导联的导联轴。每一导联轴可分正负两部分,与心电图机正极相连的一侧为正;与心电图机负极相连的一侧为负。将额面六个肢体导联轴或横面六个胸壁导联轴分别组成辐射状的图形,称为六轴系统。六轴系统是导联轴的一种表达方式。
(二)分类
1.额面六轴系统,又称:Bailey六轴系统,由六个肢体导联轴组成。
……
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom and Germany to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
-
Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
-
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
-
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
-
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
-
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
-
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
-
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
-
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
-
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
-
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
-
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
-
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
-
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
-
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
-
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
-
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
-
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
-
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
-
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
-
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
-
Customized or personalized products
-
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
-
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
-
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
-
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
-
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
-
Email: cs@everymarket.com
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