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道地药材生产技术规范研究
$146.57
道地药材生产技术规范在实践中的推广应用,不仅可以从源头上保证中药材的质量,确保人们安全用药,还可以保护我国中医药非物质传统文化,同时可为现代中药农业技术体系构建打下坚实基础,从而助力乡村振兴和农民增收致富。道地药材生产技术规范化研究有着极其重要的社会效益、经济效益和现实意义。
本书稿立足于行业发展需要,选取当归、苍术、三七等110种常用的代表性道地中药材为研究对象,对这些道地药材生产技术的规范性、科学性和实用性进行了科学研究。具体内容包括各道地药材在生产中必须遵照的适宜地区、产地生态环境、选地和整地、育苗移栽、田间管理、病虫害防治、采收、产地加工、包装、贮存及运输等技术规范,并附有大量与文字内容相关的原创性图片。
郭兰萍,中国中医科学院中药研究所副所长、中药资源中心主任,研究员,岐黄学者,科技部重点领域“中药生态农业创新团队”负责人,国家中医药管理局中药资源遥感监测与区划重点研究室主任、药用植物重点学科带头人,全国中药资源普查技术指导专家组副组长。主要从事中药资源生态学和中药材道地性研究。获国家科技进步奖二等奖3项、全国创新争先奖、国家百千万人才工程及有突出贡献中青年专家等荣誉。黄璐琦,中国工程院院士,中国中医科学院院长。全国中药资源普查工作专家指导组组长,科技部重点领域“中药资源创新团队”负责人,道地药材国家重点实验室培育基地负责人,国家中药材产业技术体系首席科学家。
(按药材名称汉语拼音排序)
艾叶……………………………………………001
白芍……………………………………………007
白鲜皮…………………………………………011
白芷……………………………………………017
白术……………………………………………023
百合……………………………………………029
半夏……………………………………………035
北沙参…………………………………………041
苍术……………………………………………045
草果……………………………………………051
柴胡……………………………………………057
陈皮……………………………………………061
赤芍……………………………………………069
重楼……………………………………………073
川贝母…………………………………………081
川牛膝…………………………………………085
川芎……………………………………………091
穿心莲…………………………………………097
大黄……………………………………………103
丹参……………………………………………109
当归……………………………………………115
党参……………………………………………125
灯盏花…………………………………………131
地黄……………………………………………137
冬凌草…………………………………………143
断血流…………………………………………149
防风……………………………………………153
粉葛……………………………………………159
佛手……………………………………………165
茯苓……………………………………………171
附子……………………………………………177
覆盆子…………………………………………183
甘草……………………………………………187
甘松……………………………………………195
干姜……………………………………………201
岗梅……………………………………………205
枸杞……………………………………………213
瓜蒌……………………………………………221
关黄柏…………………………………………225
何首乌…………………………………………231
红花……………………………………………237
厚朴……………………………………………243
黄柏……………………………………………249
黄精……………………………………………255
黄连……………………………………………261
黄芪……………………………………………267
_x000c_黄芩……………………………………………273
姜黄……………………………………………279
金莲花…………………………………………283
金铁锁…………………………………………289
金银花…………………………………………295
荆芥……………………………………………303
桔梗……………………………………………309
菊花……………………………………………313
决明子…………………………………………319
苦参……………………………………………323
款冬花…………………………………………327
连翘……………………………………………335
两面针…………………………………………341
灵芝……………………………………………347
龙胆……………………………………………355
罗汉果…………………………………………363
麻黄……………………………………………371
麦冬……………………………………………375
牡丹皮…………………………………………381
木瓜……………………………………………387
木香……………………………………………393
南板蓝根………………………………………401
牛膝……………………………………………405
羌活……………………………………………411
瞿麦……………………………………………417
人参……………………………………………421
肉苁蓉…………………………………………431
三七……………………………………………437
沙棘……………………………………………449
砂仁……………………………………………453
山药……………………………………………459
山茱萸…………………………………………465
射干……………………………………………473
石斛……………………………………………479
酸枣仁…………………………………………485
太子参…………………………………………491
天冬……………………………………………497
天麻……………………………………………503
天南星…………………………………………513
铁皮石斛………………………………………519
通关藤…………………………………………527
土木香…………………………………………533
王不留行………………………………………537
乌药……………………………………………541
吴茱萸…………………………………………549
细辛……………………………………………555
小茴香…………………………………………563
辛夷……………………………………………569
续断……………………………………………575
玄参……………………………………………581
延胡索(元胡)………………………………585
薏苡仁…………………………………………591
银柴胡…………………………………………595
淫羊藿…………………………………………601
玉竹……………………………………………607
郁金……………………………………………615
远志……………………………………………621
泽泻……………………………………………627
浙贝母…………………………………………633
知母……………………………………………639
栀子……………………………………………645
珠子参…………………………………………649
猪苓……………………………………………655
紫草……………………………………………659
紫菀……………………………………………665
由于所处地理环境不同,中药材生产中所面临的立地条件、所经历的物候期差异极大。因此,同一种药材在不同产地的栽培及产地加工模式和规范可能存在较大差异。如丹参在山东、陕西和四川的种植及干燥加工方式就极为不同。换言之,离开产地和生境谈栽培种植规范,很可能会误导药农。道地药材是指经过中医临床长期应用优选出来的,产在特定地域,与其他地区所产同种中药材相比,品质和疗效更好,且质量稳定,具有较高知名度的中药材。道地药材是中医药重要遗传资源及传统知识的精髓之一,是我国特有的珍贵的文化遗产。其从选种、育苗、栽培、收获到加工成品,无不是当地人民数百年来善于总结经验、辛勤劳动、注重与自然环境相结合的成果。因此,药材优良品质在很大程度上可以说就是“天、药、人合一的作品”,人为因素对道地药材品质的形成具有直接的影响。栽培及产地加工技术是中药材优良品质形成的重要环节,在中药材生产中,人们发现对很多道地或主产药材而言,道地及主产区独特的栽培及产地加工技术对药材优良品质的形成起着决定性的作用。然而,由于生态环境或社会政治、经济等因素的影响,历史上很多道地药材都存在主产区变迁的情况,加上传统中药材小农业的生产方式,决定了很多栽培加工方式都是老百姓的口传心授,缺少梳理和记载,没有确定的规范可循,造成即使同为道地及主产区,由于栽培加工技术不规范,药材质量不稳定,严重阻碍了中药材产业的发展。另外,由于现代农业技术在道地或主产药材栽培和生产中的大量应用,一方面极大地促进了道地或主产药材生产的现代化和规模化,另一方面也对一些传统栽培及采收加工方法产生了负面影响。一些传统栽培及产地加工方法逐步淡出生产,严重影响了药材品质。党和国家高度重视中医药产业发展和中药质量。2023年2月国务院办公厅发布了《关于印发中医药振兴发展重大工程实施方案》的通知,要求制定常用300种中药材种植养殖技术规范和操作规程,广泛开展中药材生态种植、野生抚育和仿野生栽培,开发30~50种中药材林下种植模式并示范推广。在此背景下,我们在国家自然科学基金重大项目“中药道地性环境成因”(81891014)、国家中医药管理局多学科交叉创新团队项目“道地药材生态化与资源可持续利用”(ZYYCXTD-D-202005)、中国中医科学院科技创新工程重大攻关项目“中药资源学”(CI2021A03900)、中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目“中药资源生态学创新团队”(CI2021B013)、财政部和农业农村部“国家现代农业产业技术体系”(CARS-21)等课题的支持下,组织相关单位,系统整理了当归、苍术、三七等111种常用道地或主产药材的特色栽培和产地加工技术,形成了批中药材技术规范。目的有二:一是继承和推广与品质相关的道地或主产药材特色栽培技术及产地加工技术,从源头上保证中药材的质量,确保消费者安全用药;二是由于道地药材多分布于我国中西部落后地区,为乡村振兴提供技术支撑。本书主要提取了当归、苍术、三七等道地或主产药材的特色栽培和产地加工技术,解析了其历史沿革,提炼了其特色、关键技术形成的自然、经济和人文方面的科学内涵,对传统技术进行了传承和创新,对道地药材在栽培种植中必须遵照的适宜地区、产地生态环境、选地和整地、育苗移栽、田间管理、病虫害防治等栽培技术,以及在加工技术中必须遵循的采收、产地加工、包装、贮存及运输等加工技术进行了规范,实现了“道地性”从“传统公认”到现代“科学、规范”的提取与应用,进一步丰富了“道地性”成因的“人为因素(栽培和产地加工)”作用;并且在道地药材栽培中引进了现代化、规范化、机械化操作方法,道地药材产地加工方法着重引进流水线工艺等新技术、新方法,提高了生产效率,降低了生产成本,保障了药材质量,具有很强的实用性。这些技术规范在生产实践中的推广应用,不仅可以从源头上保证中药材的质量,确保用药安全,还可以保护我国中医药物质传统文化,所建立道地药材栽培及产地加工技术服务平台,可为构建现代中药农业技术体系打下基础。参加本书编写工作的有中国中医科学院中药资源中心、中国中医科学院中药研究所、北京中医药大学、南京中医药大学、天津大学、河北中医学院、湖北中医药大学、河南中医药大学、河北省农林科学院经济作物研究所、山西大学、山东省科学院分析测试中心、广西壮族自治区药用植物园、安徽中医药大学、武汉轻工大学、贵州中医药大学、西南交通大学、重庆大学、云南省农业科学院药用植物研究所、昆明理工大学、内蒙古自治区中蒙医药研究院、中国中药有限公司、华润三九医药股份有限公司、山东步长制药股份有限公司、无限极(中国)有限公司、浙江寿仙谷医药股份有限公司、贵州同济堂制药有限公司、北京中研百草检测认证有限公司等研究院所、高校和全国各药材公司及基地单位,本书的编写出版是集体智慧的结晶。本书各药材图片由参与本书编写的专家和单位,以及关心中药材发展的同行提供,在此也谨向他们表示衷心的感谢!道地药材研究是一项长期工作,同时也囿于时间和经验,本书内容难免疏漏,期盼同道和广大读者在使用本书中不吝赐教,以便我们进一步完善提高。
编者2023年2月
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