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苏州园林园境系列 吟花席地——铺地
$45.93
1.本套丛书细致入微地挖掘了苏州园林的具体构成要素中所隐含的文化意义和形成原因。属本书作者在苏州园林研究中的首创。 2.曹林娣教授深入研究苏州园林文化,对苏州园林中的塑雕、木雕、花窗、门窗、铺地等构成部件进行系统的整理、分类。没有同类书。 3.苏州园林作为中国园林的代表,读者群较大且稳定。
《苏州园林园境系列》是多方位地挖掘苏州园林文化内涵,并对园林及具体装饰构件进行文化阐释的专门性著作。本册以铺地图案的基本类型编排,分为自然符号铺地、动物符号铺地、植物符号铺地、文字符号铺地、器物符号铺地、组合符号铺地和铺地技艺七章,全面展现了苏州园林独具魅力的地面艺术。
曹林娣,1969年毕业于北京大学中文系古典文献专业;1981年在西北大学中文系获文学硕士学位。苏州大学文学院教授,中国古代文学专业硕士生导师、苏州大学艺术学院设计艺术学专业博士生导师。曾任日本帝冢山学院大学、台北东吴大学中文系客座教授。主要从事中国古代文学和园林文化的教学、研究工作。2017年获首届“苏州风景园林终身成就奖”。
目录总序序一序二001 章 自然符号铺地002 节 天地符号铺地002 一、日月纹005 二、大地纹006 第二节 云雷纹、冰纹铺地006 一、云雷纹007 二、冰纹014 第三节 太极八卦纹铺地014 一、太极纹015 二、太极八卦纹017 第二章 动物符号铺地018 节 祥禽纹铺地018 一、凤凰纹022 二、仙鹤纹027 三、鸳鸯纹028 第二节 瑞兽虫鱼纹铺地028 一、鹿纹033 二、蝙蝠纹034 三、金蟾纹、青蛙纹037 四、蝴蝶纹039 五、蜻蜓纹039 六、鱼纹041 七、龟背纹044 八、虾纹045 第三章 植物符号铺地046 节 灵木仙卉纹(一)铺地046 一、梅花纹050 二、山茶花纹051 三、海棠花纹057 四、灵芝花纹059 五、栀子花纹059 六、竹纹061 第二节 灵木仙卉纹(二)铺地061 一、牡丹花纹062 二、荷花纹070 三、菊花纹072 四、石榴纹073 第三节 灵木仙卉纹(三)铺地073 一、向日葵纹074 二、万年青纹075 三、柿蒂纹077 第四章 文字符号铺地078 节 “福、禄、寿、囍”字纹铺地078 一、福字纹079 二、禄字纹079 三、寿字纹081 四、囍字纹082 第二节 ?d字纹、十字纹铺地082 一、?d字纹083 二、十字纹090 第三节 人字纹铺093 第五章 器物符号铺地094 节 “暗八仙”纹铺地094 一、葫芦纹097 二、宝剑纹099 三、宝扇纹101 四、鱼鼓纹102 五、洞箫纹103 六、阴阳玉板纹104 七、花篮纹105 八、荷花纹108 第二节 求吉避邪器物纹铺地108 一、方胜纹110 二、厌胜钱纹113 三、盘长纹114 四、如意纹118 五、宝瓶纹119 第三节 聚财求福器物纹铺地119 一、金银锭纹121 二、聚宝盆纹122 第四节 文人风雅器物纹铺地122 一、折扇纹123 二、“四艺”纹124 三、渔网纹125 四、风筝纹127 第六章 组合符号铺地128 节 几何形纹铺地128 一、灯景橄榄纹133 二、抽象构图纹135 第二节 求财祈福纹铺地135 一、祈财纹136 二、祈寿纹143 三、祈喜纹147 第三节 组合吉祥纹铺地147 一、和合如意148 二、平升三级150 三、地毯纹151 四、万象更新153 第七章 铺地技艺154 节 园林铺地的材料154 一、石材料155 二、砖材料156 三、砖瓦石混合材料156 四、新材料157 第二节 花街铺地的式样157 一、硬景式样158 二、软景式样158 三、软硬景式样168 第三节 花街铺地的地面铺设及技术要点168 一、花街铺地的地面构造168 二、花街铺地的技术要点169 三、花街铺地的使用原则171 附录174 后记176 参考文献
序二吟花席地 醉月铺毡 —— 铺地苏州园林的庭园、天井及路径的地面上,有各式各样的铺地:有用石板、石块、鹅卵石等石材铺设的石地坪、虎皮石、弹街石等;有用破损青砖、方砖等砖材为主铺设的乱砖街及席纹、 回纹、人字纹、斗纹、间方纹等;有使用两种以上颜色的卵石并辅以青石碎块、缸片等材料组合铺设的花街铺地等,琳琅满目。这样,园林路径突破了单一的规范游览路线的功能作用,并兼具审美价值,构成园林意境赏心悦目的风景线,形成独具魅力的地面艺术。美化地面的艺术源远流长,春秋时期的吴王宫苑就有用楩梓木铺设在瓮头上的响屧廊,“西子行则有声”;战国有米字纹铺地;秦有拟阳纹、菱纹铺地;西汉有印石路面;东汉有席纹铺地;北魏有莲花纹地砖,北齐有彩绘莲花纹地面装饰;唐时有各式宝相纹、九格草叶纹、六出尖瓣纹、葡萄瑞兽纹、双凤纹等铺地,西夏出现火焰宝珠纹铺地;宋时已有“文石为径”“青径颖竹,以锦路行海棠”的花街铺地,明清时有雕砖卵石嵌花路等,苏州园林的各种铺地纹样正是历史的承传和发展。铺地图案不仅具有材料美、形式美、内容美和意境美,还颇具生态美(序二图1)。铺地用材简单,几乎是废物利用,化腐朽为神奇:“废瓦片也有行时,当湖石削铺,波纹汹涌;破方砖可留大用,绕梅花磨斗,冰裂纷纭。路径寻常,阶除脱俗。莲生袜底,步出个中来。翠拾林深,春从何处是”①。用材得宜,“花环窄路偏宜石,堂迥空庭须用砖”②,花木中间的窄路,好铺石;厅堂周围的空庭,应当铺砖。“鹅子石,宜铺于不常走处,大小间砌者佳”③,“乱青版石,斗冰裂纹,宜于山堂、水坡、台端、亭际”④,意随人活,砌法似无拘格,“诸砖砌地: 屋内, 或磨、扁铺; 庭下, 宜仄砌”⑤。铺地纹饰多样,计成在《园冶》中列四式用砖仄砌的图案有:人字纹、席纹、间方纹、斗纹;八式用砖嵌鹅子砌:六方式、攒六方式、八方间六方式、套六方式、长八方式、八方式、海棠式、四方间十字式;还有香草边式,用砖边、瓦砌,香草中或铺砖,或铺鹅子;毬门式,鹅子嵌瓦;波纹式,用废瓦检厚薄砌;等等。名称有方胜、叠胜、步步胜、回纹、冰裂、波纹、蜀锦等。计成以方、圆、人字纹和曲线波纹及其变体为基本图式,比较反感“嵌鹤、鹿、狮毬”之类的花街铺地,后世却大大发展了。苏州园林现有铺地图案在《园冶》所列数种基础上,更加丰富多彩。铺地体现了人工技艺之美,遵循的是“各式方圆,随宜铺砌”⑥的原则:“惟厅堂广厦中铺,一概磨砖,如路径盘蹊,长砌多般乱石。中庭或宜叠胜,近砌亦可回文。八角嵌方,选鹅子铺成蜀锦;层楼出步,就花梢琢拟秦台。锦线瓦条,台全石版,吟花席地,醉月铺毡。”⑦铺地花纹细致匀齐,如太极图的一黑一白,两形相抱成为一圆,表示圆满之意,色调雅洁,形式和谐,显示了铺地的图案美。铺地纹饰的文化蕴涵十分丰富。苏州园林虽为士人园,多书卷气,但中华文士血管里流淌着的乃是儒、道、释三教合一的血液。所以,苏州园林中士人之清雅、帝皇之跋扈、商家之铜臭及释道之妙谛,都溢于铺地图纹的线条之中。雅俗兼存,儒道互补,凡圣渗融,当然以精雅文化为主流。其中大量的是寓意吉祥的图案,几乎囊括铸合了人类共同的心理愿望:纳福、祈喜(序二图2)、富贵、延寿。例如,东山春在楼庭院铺地有凤穿牡丹、元宝、百吉等。其中有一方铺地地毯,其回纹镶边四角图案为吉祥如意、五福上寿,中间是双钱、暗八仙、聚宝盆、鲤鱼跳龙门、松鹤延年以及神通广大、能镇慑邪恶的太极图、八卦图等,代表了人们的生活愿望和美好的祝愿。太极图的一阴一阳、八卦图的哲学与造型(以简单的三条直线,或断或续),可解释宇宙的一切现象,足见其想象的丰富。①铺地纹饰营造并强化着景点意境。优美的铺地图案作为环境背景,以其丰富的象征意义,创造出图案之外的意境和韵味。砌纹如波涛汹涌,使人产生行舟江湖的遐想;用破方砖磨斗成冰裂纹地面,老梅似傲寒于“冰裂纷纭”之中,给人以晶莹高洁之感,塑造出冷艳幽香的境界;平凡的路径、阶庭,脱尘俗之气,犹如足下生莲,美人从景中走出;林间拾翠羽,不知春情自何处而来……与风景主题吻合的铺地图案意象,无疑能强化景点主题,深化意境,让人获得回味无穷的审美快感。苏州多雨水,以碎石铺地,适当留缝,注意地表的生态性,可以增强路面的抗滑性能,且有助于排水。街径庭除铺地,“雨久生苔,自然古色”②,糅合进自然元素,使建筑与自然有机结合,增加了建筑的自然感和亲切感。现代医学证明,用鹅卵石铺成的“蜀锦”,高低错落有致,具有良好的保健作用,如果穿着软底鞋或干脆赤足缓步在鹅卵石小径上,能按摩足底穴位,活血舒筋、消除疲劳,比大理石碎片铺地要优越得多。本书以铺地图案的基本类型编排,分为自然符号铺地、动物符号铺地、植物符号铺地、文字符号铺地、器物符号铺地、组合符号铺地和铺地技艺七章。
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