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羊山湿地植被与景观
$59.95
本书介绍了有“湿地博物馆”美誉的海口羊山湿地的概况,叙述其植物多样性与植物资源的构成,结合实地调研,分析总结了羊山地区阔叶林湿地植被、灌丛湿地植被、草丛草甸湿地植被和浮叶-漂浮-沉水植物植被这四种植被类型的特点和主要群系,并归纳总结了羊山湿地的典型植被景观及其配置模式与应用价值。
本书适合风景园林、植物学、生态学、湿地生物学、观赏园艺等相关专业领域的研究人员和从业人员参考学习,也可作为风景园林规划设计的参考读物。
1
羊山湿地概况 11.1.羊山湿地位置与地理特征 2
1.2.羊山湿地的主要类型 3
1.3.羊山湿地形成原因 8
1.4.羊山湿地的价值 9
2
植物多样性与植物资源 152.1.研究方法及植物物种组成 16
2.2.羊山湿地植物区系划分 32
2.3.羊山湿地植物资源 35
2.4.羊山珍稀濒危植物 38
2.5.羊山湿地入侵植物 38
2.6.羊山湿地植被类型. 39
3
植被类型1:阔叶林湿地植被 453.1.阔叶林湿地植被类型 46
3.2.阔叶林湿地植被特点 46
3.3.羊山阔叶林湿地植被主要群系 48
4
植被类型2:灌丛湿地植被 534.1.灌丛湿地植被类型 54
4.2.灌丛湿地植被特点 54
4.3.羊山灌丛湿地植被主要群系 55
5
植被类型3:草丛草甸湿地植被 695.1.草丛草甸湿地植被类型 70
5.2.羊山草丛草甸湿地植被特点 70
5.3.羊山草丛湿地植被主要群系 72
6
植被类型4:浮叶-漂浮-沉水植物植被 956.1.浮叶-漂浮-沉水植物植被类型 96
6.2.浮叶-漂浮-沉水植物植被特点 96
6.3.羊山浮叶-漂浮-沉水植物植被主要群系 98
7
植被景观及应用价值 1157.1.典型植被景观 116
7.2.植被景观的配置模式与应用 120
附录 131附录1.羊山湿地景观植物资源 131
附录2.羊山湿地药用植物资源 144
附录3.羊山湿地用材植物资源 166
附录4.羊山湿地果树植物资源 168
附录5.羊山湿地部分景观资源植物图鉴(以表达景观特色为主) 169
参考文献 175
后记 179
海南岛位于祖国大陆的南端,北与广东省的雷州半岛隔琼州海峡相望,南面向浩瀚无垠的太平洋。海口作为中国年轻的省——海南省的省会,位于海南岛的北端。海南岛原与华夏大陆相连,大约在人类出现的第四纪,地壳断裂形成15~30km宽的琼州海峡,海南岛才与大陆分离。而在未分离前,这里爆发过火山喷发(近一次距今约1万年前),如今的海口与雷州半岛都属于其喷发范围。所以海口火山单体虽小而未进入世界火山前25000之列,但与雷州半岛的火山作为一个整体(雷琼火山),在世界火山分布图中,仍占有一席之地。海口羊山位于海口市西南部,属当年火山喷发的主要区域之一。羊山早先的名称已无法考证,直到唐代,宰相韦执谊被贬来琼“摄政事”,他巡视羊山时发现,那里土地肥沃,资源丰富,可是村寨凋敝,百姓贫困,于是便向村民传播农耕知识,还教村民因地制宜,养殖山羊。据介绍,这里的山羊来自雷州半岛,唐代开始引种,千百年来山羊养殖量占全岛的一半以上。永兴、石山、遵潭、十字路一带所饲养的“壅羊”是羊山的名特产。可以想象,从几只羊到几群羊,从满山遍野乱蹦乱跳的羊群到成为海南品牌,这一举措,对促进羊山农村经济发展的确起到了很大的推动作用。海南民间说的“一种姜,二饲羊”,就是总结这段经验,讲述这段历史,于是,这一带也被称为“羊山”[1-2]。
羊山地区是火山喷发后形成的火山熔岩地区,属地堑-裂谷型基性火山活动地质遗迹,也是我国为数不多的1万年前火山喷发活动的休眠火山群之一,面积约1000平方公里,人口近30万,占全市农村人口的45%。其行政区域主要包括琼山区的府城、龙塘、旧州,龙华区的龙桥、龙泉、遵潭、城西、新坡,秀英区的石山、永兴、 东山,长流、西秀,共13个镇,84个村委会、4个居委会、575个自然村[1],部分区域属于市区,部分区域属于市郊。羊山地区独特的火山熔岩地貌孕育了不少淡水泉,出露的淡水泉涓涓而流形成不少的湿地,但由于火山熔土层浅薄,羊山地区并不太适合农耕,因此村落稀疏,正因如此,那里还保留着相对原生态的湿地和森林景观,并形成了一个完整的生态圈。在这个生态圈内,湿地与森林共同构成一个循环,调节海口城市的雨旱季的水分资源,因此被誉为“海口之肺”和“海口之肾”。
从高空俯视羊山地区,那是一片绿色的海洋,绿波荡漾,让人神往,绿色海洋中,又见几个蓝色斑块点缀,犹如镶嵌的蓝色宝石,那是较大型的水库。用无人机低空航拍,发现绿色海洋中除大型水库外,还交织着许多宽窄不一、长短不等的带状、蜿蜒状水系,水系曲折萦绕,犹如仙女舞动的蓝色飘带,让人浮想联翩。绿色海洋中、蓝色宝石旁或蓝色飘带边又见大大小小的村落散布其中,为这宁静的原野平添了几许人间烟火的气息。而当我们真正脚踏实地进入羊山,你会发现这里又是植物、石头与人和谐共生的世界,石头基底上,植物以顽强的生命力生长于任何可能的地方,甚至石缝中、树干上;人与石头关系也是那样紧密:路是石头铺的,围墙是石头垒的,田埂是石头堆砌的,各种生产生活器具也是用石头打磨的,甚至一些房屋都是用石头砌的。当然,这些石头拥有一个共同的名字,那就是“火山岩”。火山岩除了给羊山地区烙上了特殊印记之外,岩缝里汩汩涌出的地下水与热带海洋性季风气候带来的较丰沛的雨水共同孕育了羊山地区多姿多彩的植物类群,而湿地又是植物物种为丰富的区域之一。羊山地区还是海口传统民居保存好的地方,这些宝贵的地方历史文化与湿地一起形成了弥足珍贵的自然与历史遗产。但21世纪以来随着经济的发展与人口的增长,海口市城区面积不断扩大,人类干扰的加剧与地下水补给的减少已对羊山湿地造成了一定程度的威胁与破坏,湿地植物尤其是濒危珍稀植物的生境面临破坏的情况不时出现,或许有些濒危珍稀物种还未向我们掀开其神秘的面纱就已离我们远去,这不仅是植物之殇,也是人类之痛。
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