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给青少年讲物质科学
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院士推荐,绝佳的中小学生课外扩展阅读图书从130 亿年前宇宙大爆炸的起点,带你一起用元素原子分子一点一点搭建我们今天的物质世界物质科学是一门交叉学科,青少年学习物质科学就是在学习物理化学的底层知识让青少年在维持好奇心探索物质世界的同时学习科学知识如果你对这个世界充满了好奇,那就用物质科学的方法去琢磨这个美丽的世界吧芥子须弥,乾坤万象,徐徐清风,白云苍狗。物质世界是一篇乐章,让...
院士推荐,绝佳的中小学生课外扩展阅读图书从130 亿年前宇宙大爆炸的起点,带你一起用元素原子分子一点一点搭建我们今天的物质世界物质科学是一门交叉学科,青少年学习物质科学就是在学习物理化学的底层知识让青少年在维持好奇心探索物质世界的同时学习科学知识如果你对这个世界充满了好奇,那就用物质科学的方法去琢磨这个美丽的世界吧芥子须弥,乾坤万象,徐徐清风,白云苍狗。物质世界是一篇乐章,让清华大学孙亚飞博士带你聆听它的旋律。
延伸阅读:“基础前沿科学史丛书”包括《给青少年讲宇宙科学》《给青少年讲物质科学》《给青少年讲生命科学》《给青少年讲脑科学》《给青少年讲量子科学》
《给青少年讲物质科学》讲述了一段始于物质什么,终于物质是什么的物质世界探索之旅。清华大学孙亚飞博士从宇宙大爆炸讲起,从原子开始,用中学物理和化学的底层基础知识,一点一滴带领读者体验物质世界被搭建的过程,理解其中知识和原理,理顺物质、能量和生命的关系,让我们在重新认识物质世界的同时,也重新认识自己。
孙亚飞,中国科学院自然科学史研究所特别研究助理,青年科普作家,从事科学传播及新能源领域的研究与产业化工作。高中参加化学竞赛保送进入北京大学化学学院,后于清华大学化学系获得博士学位。2010年开始从事科普工作,在得到开通的《化学通识30讲》课程广受好评,同时在知乎、《博物》杂志等媒体平台发表《你好,门捷列夫》《读懂食品安全》等各类作品逾百万字,已出版著作《元素与人类文明》《原子王国历险记》及译作《诗意的原子》《迷人的液体》(以上两部为“文津图书奖”)《锈蚀》《13次时空穿梭之旅》《给孩子的食物实验室》《纳米与生命》等。
1 物质是什么 / 1
2 世界万物的基石
——原子的概念是怎样被提出来的 / 8
被分割的物质 / 8
古希腊先哲们在思考 / 12
给原子排排队 / 18
永不停息的融合 / 23
3 让原子组合起来
——物质世界是如何组装的 / 30
宇宙分子 / 30
从太空到地球 / 35
分子的游戏 / 41
不变的规则 / 46
4 无处不在的相互作用力
——物质为何能结合在一起 / 51
电子的巨大魔力 / 51
原子的结构 / 58
原子之间的电磁吸引力 / 63
同性因何不相斥? / 67
5 永不消失——物质和能量是怎样转化的 / 73
奇妙的等式 / 73
被激发的电子 / 80
看清物质 / 86
物质的状态 / 89
6 万物争辉——物质是怎样为我们所用的 / 95
并不只是简单地混合——金属与合金 / 95
从石器到陶瓷 / 103
无穷无尽的有机物 / 107
结构决定性质 / 113
7 活着的奇迹——赋予生命的物质 / 117
从简单到复杂 / 117
低熵系统 / 123
物质的自组织形式 / 127
遗传密码 / 132
8 冲突与重生——物质世界会终结吗 / 138
谁杀死了恐龙? / 138
生物链的物质流动 / 143
被浪费的物质 / 148
天地间,人为贵 / 152
9 物质是什么 / 158
参考文献/163
给青少年的物质科学
小的时候,我生活在农村。那时的农村里没有煤气灶,也舍不得用太多电,做饭常用的锅就是土灶台,烧柴火给铁锅供热。灶台操作起来可是麻烦得很,光是生火就能生出各种意外。所以,家里大人做饭免不了还需要我打下手,别的忙我也帮不上,拉一拉风箱还是可以的。
曾记得,坐在灶边望着炉火,我拉动风箱,火苗就会猛地窜一窜,一不小心还会冲出灶膛,燎到额前的头发。每当这时,我都会感到脸上一热,但是习惯之后,倒也不觉得有什么危险,只是有些好奇。
我好奇的是,吹蜡烛的时候,一点小风就能把烛火吹灭,可是风箱施展出那么大的风以后,为什么火焰却会越吹越大?
外婆跟我说,这是因为屋里供了灶王爷—— 他是一位管灶火的神仙。有了灶王爷的保佑,炉灶里的三昧真火才会旺盛,而且还不会因此失火。
后来,看到《西游记》中孙悟空借来假芭蕉扇挥舞时,火焰山上的火越烧越大,我对三昧真火的这个说法深信不疑。可是,看到《三国演义》里赤壁之战东风助阵的场面,我又有些将信将疑了。
多年以后,我读到了拉瓦锡反驳“燃素”论的故事,对于这个问题的好奇总算告一段落。燃烧是一种氧化现象,通常需要氧气的参与,因此,当风箱给炉灶送风时,加大了空气压力,更多的氧气被一同送入了灶膛。于是,有了氧气的加持,火焰也会更旺盛。不过,风在刮来新鲜氧气的同时,却也带走了热量,若是火焰的温度因此而降低到燃点以下,火就可能会被吹灭。由此也就很容易明白,为什么风能吹灭小火,却会扬起大火。
对于童年时期的不解,用这样物质的思维去解释,或许有些许的无趣,不像“三昧真火”那么引人入胜,但它却是好奇的伙伴。它不会让童心泯灭,只会带着这种“不安分”走向新的空间。
所以,青少年知道多一点物质科学,应该是件好事。
《给青少年的物质科学》,是我次系统性地创作“大科学”的作品。这倒不是我妄自托大,实属物质科学自身的属性。任何一门自然科学都是研究物质的科学,只是研究的角度不同:物理学研究物质之间的作用力与能量,化学研究物质的组成、结构、反应与功能,生物学研究的是物质如何能够“活”起来,天文学研究物质诞生的“老家”……很多时候,关于物质的种种,并不只是单纯的科学命题,更是人类反复思索的哲学命题。
将这些题目完整地编织起来,是古往今来所有人共同完成的伟业,哪怕已经觍着脸站到了巨人的肩膀上,我也只能记录其中亿万分之二三。
在物质世界形成的时空中,翻开这本由物质构成的小书,如果能够因此引发我们对物质的思考,那么物质世界也一定会因为我们的思考而改变。
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