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章贡聚居·筑苑
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写作本书的目的,是对江西客家建筑进行一次较为全面的梳理。
客家建筑的研究肇始于20 世纪50 年代,刘敦桢先生在《中国住宅概说》一书中首次述及了福建永定一带的客家民居。此后陆元鼎先生、黄汉民先生等多位学者从不同角度对客家建筑的整体风貌及主要类型,如围垅屋、福建土楼、五凤楼等,进行了深入研究,取得了丰硕的成果。2008 年7 月,46 处福建土楼被列入世界文化遗产名录。
江西紧邻闽粤,亦是客家移民的重要居住地,保留了丰富的客家建筑遗存。20 世纪80 年代初,黄浩先生等学者开始研究江西民居,报道了赣西山区的一些客家民居实例。20 世纪90 年代以后,万幼楠先生等学者对赣南历史建筑进行了持续的研究,取得了丰硕成果,赣南围屋成为赣南客家建筑的代表。但总体而言,江西客家建筑的调查和研究相对滞后。
出现滞后的重要原因之一是受到现代行政区划的限制。一直以来,主流观点均认为赣南是客家人在江西的主要居住地,即现代赣州市所辖15 个县市的范围。实际上江西客家移民分布大大超出赣南,吉安市所辖遂川县、万安县;抚州市所辖广昌县;宜春市所辖铜鼓县;九江市所辖修水县等地,历史上都是重要的客家移民聚居地,但因为行政区划的原因,人们常将这些地方的民居划入江西主流的天井式民居。出现滞后的另一个重要原因则是受到经济发展水平的影响。江西的客家建筑多分布于边远山区,其聚居地常有“七山半水分半田,一分道路和庄园”之说,建筑风貌十分简朴,木结构做法简单,装饰也不及江西主流煊赫华丽,一直没有受到足够重视,尤其是赣西北地区的客家建筑,至今罕有人调查研究。
客家人在江西的分布南至省域东南角的寻乌县,北至省域西北角的修水县,跨越了2 个经度和5 个纬度。尽管地域分布如此分散,他们却一直保留着古老的乡音和习俗,又努力适应迁入地的自然和社会文化环境。他们崇宗敬祖,强调以血缘为纽带是聚族而居的根本,基于居祀合一又分立的聚居观念,创造出类型多样的民居样式。建筑布局以迎山接水的方式与环境对话,通过灵活巧妙地设置建筑方位以及大门、晒坪、池塘等设施,与其周边的龙脉、案山、左右砂山、河流等取得某种呼应关系,构成极有价值的文化景观。自然环境与家族组织的和谐共生是江西客家建筑的核心价值。
本书作者几年来一直试图突破行政区划的界限,以移民迁徙路线、客家方言分布图谱为线索,在江西省域范围全面展开对客家建筑的调研。特别感谢中国建材工业出版社给了我们这样一个机会,去追寻江西境内客家先民们迁徙的足迹,了解他们的习俗,记录他们的建筑。值此完稿之际,我们诚挚感谢本书编辑孙炎、李春荣在写作过程中的督促和鼓励、完稿之后的编辑和校对,诚挚感谢中国民居大师戴志坚教授、陆琦教授对写作提纲的指导。在整个调查过程中,我们多次得到素不相识的客家乡亲的热情接待,给我们带路,介绍当地文化历史,甚至留我们在家吃饭、给设备充电。今天部分山乡仍可见到仍身着传统服饰、头带冬头帕的客家妇女,吃到正宗的黄元米果、擂茶等客家美食。至于日常饮食,有的地方酸辣爽囗,有的地方素净鮮甜,与江西主流饮食文化有明显差异。总之,希望这本书能吸引您到客家人聚居的赣南及赣西山区来做客。
蔡 晴
2020.1.6
1 江西客家民居的自然与文化背景
1.1 地形
1.2 移民
1.3 方言
1.4 对环境的认知与适应
2 “居”“祀”组合
2.1 基本单元:四扇三间、六扇五间
2.2 基本单元的扩展:上三下三、上五下五
2.3 横屋堂屋组合式
2.4 四合中庭型
2.5 围垅屋
2.6 防御性民居
2.7 居祀组合
3 横屋堂屋组合式
3.1 小型“横堂式”居祀组合民居
3.2 中型“横堂式”居祀组合民居
3.3 大型“横堂式”居祀组合民居
4 九井十八厅
4.1 贡水流域“九井十八厅”
4.2 章水流域“九井十八厅”
4.3 东江上游地区“九井十八厅”
4.4 赣中“九井十八厅”
5 排屋堂屋组合式
5.1 桃江流域排屋堂屋组合式
5.2 章水流域排屋堂屋组合式
6 围垅屋
6.1 寻乌县的围垅屋
6.2 江西其他地方的围垅屋
7 围寨
7.1 龙南县的围寨
7.2 定南县的围寨
8 村围和村城
8.1 村围
8.2 村城
9 围屋
9.1 环绕祠堂形成的围屋
9.2 以带祠堂的居住建筑为中心形成的围屋
9.3 “四合中庭”型围屋
9.4 横屋堂屋组合式围屋
9.5 排屋堂屋组合式围屋
参考文献
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