0
100% Satisfaction Guarantee
Amazing Value
Fast Shipping
Expert Customer Service
新知文库164·第一只狗:我们最古老的伙伴
$37.14
从人类与狗之间长期合作的伙伴关系来探讨人类的进化,如果不认识到狗在人类历史中的核心作用,我们就无法理解人类的历史。
狗是如何成为人类最好...
狗是如何成为人类最好的朋友的?——一位人类学家发掘了这一独特伙伴关系的神秘起源,探究了两个物种的历史。人类和狗是如何以及为什么会在一起找到它们的未来的?人与狗作为亲密的伙伴是如何塑造彼此的?人类学家帕特·希普曼在史前和现代找到了答案。在《第一只狗》中,希普曼解开了最早的狗的基因和考古证据,讲述了科学家们如何对人类和犬科动物之间独特关系的起源进行新的阐释,揭示了作为我们守护者、玩伴、牧羊人和猎犬的犬科动物与人之间的纽带是如何形成的。在这段旅程中,狗在身体、行为和情感上都发生了变化,就像人类一样。狗的劳动极大地扩展了人类的能力范围,改变了我们的饮食和栖息地,为我们的生存做出了贡献。
帕特·希普曼(Pat Shipman)为宾夕法尼亚州立大学人类学教授,她著作颇丰,其中包括《侵略者》(The Invaders)与《动物关系》(The Animal Connection)等书。其与艾兰·沃克(Alan Walker)合著的《树上的猿》(The Ape in the Tree)荣获美国人类学协会颁发的威廉·怀特·豪威尔斯奖(W. W. Howells Award)。希普曼是美国科学促进会与伦敦皇家地理学会的重要成员。
前 言
狗诞生之前
人和狗为何相互选择?
何为狗性?
狗有几个诞生地?
何为驯化?
第一只狗来自何方?
盘根错节的往事
失踪的狗
适 应
在新的生态系统中生存
为何澳大利亚的故事被忽略了如此之久?
澳洲野狗的重要性
外来者如何侵入澳大利亚
不一样的故事
向北进发
前往地球尽头
后 记
注 释
致 谢
人类热衷叙事,在“开端—发展—结局”的叙事脉络中怡然自得。故事对我们而言意义非凡。我很好奇,从重要信息中编撰故事是否为人之本能。
回望过去,探寻人类发展足迹之时,我们常会以倒叙的方式讲述故事,仿佛故事的起点是今天,而非遥远的过去。如同我们若想确定尼罗河的源头,也许会从其入海口向前回溯。我们会追踪主流,轻视甚至完全无视从主流分流而出,或从某处汇入主流的诸多支流。我们不假思索地寻找起点,名正言顺地忽视那些看似微不足道的参差。这种倾向有时会歪曲事件的实际意义。回顾过去,我们对无数可能发生但并未发生的事件无动于衷,哪怕事件的确发生,但若影响不够深远,也同样视而不见。回望人类历史,无数偶然与意外竟被剔除到仅剩寥寥几桩,多少失败、灭亡和祸患无缘无故便消失在历史的烟云中。发展到如今的局面看似命中注定,一切都是预先安排好的,但也是有意为之的。谈及进化及其为人类生活带来的惊人影响时,最为离谱的说法莫过于此。
在这本书中,我将试着以妥当的方式讲述人类历史中伟大的发现。故事是关于我们如何借思维进化,而非借身体进化,即如何在不改变自身身体特征的情况下适应环境。我想讲述人类如何学会与其他物种合作共事的故事,通过合作,我们可以直接借用动物的非凡能力,而不必自己进化出这些能力。这便是人类与第一只狗的故事。
我们与其他物种建立伙伴关系的过程通常被称作“驯化”。我并不喜欢这个说法。首先,驯化一词用法过于广泛,既可用于植物,也可用于动物,而动植物的驯化经历必定大为不同。其次,这个词用法又太狭隘,一般仅用于人类已经牢牢掌控其生殖繁衍的那些动物。两种用法皆不准确。
此外还有一种广为人知的设想:驯化利人,而不利于与人类结伴的驯化对象。这一想法也不正确。目前人类只驯化了少数动物。一些动物虽早已成为人类的驯化目标,但却有意或无意地抗拒了驯化。你或许会认为斑马能被驯化,因为有马和驴的成功经验,对吧?其实不然。19世纪晚期(或20世纪早期),非洲殖民者拍摄的照片记录下了牢笼中挂着缰绳,甚至装着马鞍的斑马。但如果你仔细阅读图下的说明,你会意识到斑马绝对没有被驯化。它们常常踢碎笼子或手推车,又或者拒绝在鞍鞯下劳作。它们会咬人,很难操纵。有些动物园管理员称斑马是园中最危险最好斗的,完全不愿意受人摆布。
被驯化的哺乳动物则很顺从,它们主动选择和人类交往,而且对创造一种亲近人类的新生活非常积极。某些物种的生态位包含人类的生态位或人类创造的环境。如果一种动物的生活环境或生态位和人类的高度重合,那我们就认为这个物种得到了驯化。这些动物在进化中学会了和人类共同生活,并与人类产生联结。在世界上所有已驯化的动物中,狗无疑被驯化得最为彻底。狗一定是第一种被驯化的动物。
关于动物驯化的过程,有些人猜想是过去的人们抓到了一个动物幼崽,将其驯服并养大,为其配种后再养大其后代(留下友好讨喜的幼崽并杀掉或遗弃其他幼崽),就这样一代又一代——嘿!狼就变成了狗,原牛变成了家牛,野山羊变成了家山羊。还有人猜测当动物发现人类有时会有剩下的食物,它们就以某种方式自我驯化了。这些都并非事实,真相更加复杂。
在写作本书时,我给自己设定了一些任务,其中包括弄明白为何我们常常会对狗驯化的全过程存在误解。本书描述了我们如何以一种全新的方式与地球上其他动物和谐共存。这种和谐共存是一系列复杂、惊喜且有时让人诧异的活动,正是这些活动对人类的生活产生了巨大的影响——人类不仅在进化上走上了捷径,还获得了很多本身不具备的能力。
因为相关证据不足,本书在狗类进化的某些史实和原因上仍然存在未阐明的问题,但是本书提出了一些新观点、新主题,具有一定的意义。因此我认为(或者说我希望)本书让我离真相更近了。
最后申明:本书的很多篇幅谈到了澳洲野狗、大澳大利亚以及澳大利亚原住民。我讨论的人和传统都是历史上的,不代表当代的情况。我无意冒犯任何人,希望书中的相关讨论能如愿体现我的尊重和欣赏,同时也希望我对伟大的澳大利亚原住民及其传统的描述不存在有违事实之处。
Shipping Overview:
• Shipping: Standard Domestic Shipping within the United States charges USD 4.99. Standard International Shipping from United Kingdom, Germany and Japan to the United States charges 14.99.
• Order Processing: Please allow 1-2 business days for order processing and preparation before shipment.
• Domestic Shipping: Orders within the U.S. are shipped via USPS or FedEx, depending on the origin of the product. The average transit time is 3-7 business days.
• International Shipping: Currently, we only ship within the USA.
• Tracking Information: Every order is trackable. You will receive a tracking number once your order has been shipped. Products may be shipped from various global fulfillment centers.
Shipping Delays:
Please note that shipping times may vary due to factors beyond our control, such as weather conditions, natural disasters, or peak holiday periods. While we strive to ensure timely delivery, the exact arrival time cannot be guaranteed and is managed by the shipping carrier.
Shipping Options:
Standard Delivery: Most orders are shipped within 3-7 business days. Larger items may utilize LTL shipping for safe handling.
Handling Time: We handle shipments on business days (Monday - Friday), with a preparation time of 1-2 days.
Additional Charges: Some items require additional shipping charges due to their size, weight, or special handling. These charges are specified on the product pages and are not eligible for shipping discounts.
Exclusions: Gift cards, packaging, taxes, and prior purchases do not count toward the minimum purchase requirement for free shipping. This offer is valid only for shipments to U.S. addresses, including Puerto Rico.
Delivery Details:
Estimates: Standard shipping within the US typically takes 3-7 business days. These are estimates and not guarantees.
Shipping Restrictions: We ship to all 50 states, Washington, DC, U.S. territories, and APO/FPO/DPO addresses. Shipping options vary based on the delivery address.
Remote Areas: Shipments to remote areas may incur additional charges or require pickup from a nearby shipping partner’s location.
Shipping Confirmation:
You will receive a shipping confirmation email with a tracking number as soon as your order is dispatched. If you do not receive this email immediately, please be assured that your items will arrive within the estimated delivery window provided at checkout.
Order Modifications:
If you need to cancel or modify your order, please contact our customer support immediately.
Issues with Delivery:
If your order shows as delivered but you have not received it, please contact the shipping carrier directly to resolve the issue. For persistent problems, contact our customer service at cs@everymarket.com.
Customer Support:
Our team is available 24/7 to assist you with any questions or concerns regarding your order. We are committed to ensuring a smooth shopping experience.
Return & Refund Policy Overview
Please review our return and refund policies below to ensure a smooth transaction process.
Return Policy
Duration: You have 30 days from receiving your item to initiate a return.
Condition: Items must be unworn, unwashed, with original tags and packaging intact.
Shipping Costs: Customers are responsible for return shipping costs.
Packaging: Ensure returned items are well-packaged to avoid damage during transit.
Tracking: Use a trackable and insured shipping method as we are not liable for items lost or damaged on return.
Initiating a Return: Contact us at cs@everymarket.com to start your return. We will provide a return shipping label and instructions upon approval. Returns without prior approval will not be accepted.
How to Return
Method: Returns must be sent back by mail to the address provided in the return instructions.
Return Label
Defective Products: Return labels are provided for defective items.
Non-Defective Returns: Customers are responsible for obtaining their return shipping label.
Product Conditions for Return
Eligible Products: Returns are only accepted for items in new condition.
Nonreturnable Items
Certain items are not eligible for return:
Electronic devices after 30 days (e.g., computers, laptops, Kindles)
Gift cards, prepaid game cards
Perishable goods, live insects, some jewelry, some health and personal care items
Customized or personalized products
Items with special shipping restrictions
Refund Policy
Window: Eligible products may be returned within 30 days of delivery for a refund.
Refund Method: Refunds are processed to the original payment method or as store credit for items purchased with gift cards.
Processing Time: Refunds are processed within 3-5 business days after we receive the return; please allow additional time for shipping and bank processing.
Claims
Inspect your order upon arrival and report any defects, damages, or incorrect items immediately to allow us to address the issue. For claims, contact our support team with details of the issue.
Exchange Policy
For the quickest service, return your original item and place a new order for the desired product once your return is accepted.
Return Address
EveryMarket Customer Service 2101 E Terra Ln, O'Fallon, MO 63366
Customer Support
Available 24/7 for any questions or assistance needed:
Phone: +1 636-312-5925
Email: cs@everymarket.com
Oops!
Sorry, it looks like some products are not available in selected quantity.
OK