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撼动世界史的植物:一部从植物视角讲述的人类文明发展史
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“万物新知”丛书的定位是“新知识、新思维、新视野”,丛书挑选了当今世界各领域的*科学家的作品,目的是为青少年提供*前沿的科学知识。我们希望读者能通过阅读这套丛书,获取新知,启发思维,开阔视野。《撼动世界史的植物》是“万物新知”丛书的第三本书,之前已经出版的图书有《万物简史》和《烹饪宇宙》。 1.主题“植物能创造人类文明,也能撼动世界历史”有新意,发人深思。这本书不仅是一本关于植物的书,更是一本关于人类文明、世界历史的书。2.植物之于我们,是研究对象,是合作者,是朋友,也是敌人。人类文明的关键支撑就是植物。回顾世界发展史,从古至今,人类每一次都是为了自身利益而发起战争,而这利益的背后说到底也是为了解决温饱或者追求富裕生活而已。而植物,具体可以说农作物,就是为我们人类提供所有一切的支撑。通过种植农作物产生的农耕技术就是人类文明的起源。透过农作物产生的财富利益的概念,是我们开始争夺财富和国家地位的驱动,因此,有人说植物是战争的导火线一点都不为过。植物之于我们,是研究对象,是合作者,是朋友,也是敌人。3.以小见大,一颗小小的稻米就是人类文明的起源。作者没有从宏观的角度直接讲历史,而是选择从一颗小小的稻米去切入,作者在书中给我们讲了植物的故事,讲了植物的生态、演化和历史,讲了人类对植物的种植和依赖以及植物反过来对人类社会的影响。这些知识和细节,看似视角是在植物身上,背后其实讲述的都是人类文明。这种“由小见大”的写作方式,其实很能体现作者的知识储备和写作功底。4.内容通俗易懂,对读者的思维有很好的启发和引导。
番茄是蔬菜还是水果的问题为什么会闹上法庭?棉花为什么能带来工业革命?郁金香如何导致了荷兰的经济泡沫?……这是一部从植物视角看世界、看历史的书,叙述角度独特。作者融通多学科知识,用轻松的笔法将人类文明诞生到全球化进程中所发生的很多有意思的故事写进书中,讲述了小麦、水稻、甘蔗、胡椒、郁金香等看似普通却极其重要的植物,它们的种植、传播、味道、价值对人类的经济、社会、文化、科技等多个方面的影响。一颗小小的稻米就是人类文明的起源;一勺甜甜的砂糖背后可能是无数人被迫离开故乡的奴隶生活……在人类历史的背后,总有植物的身影,植物史同时也是一部人类史。这本书不仅能刷新读者对植物的认知,还能让读者重新审视和思考人与自然万物之间的关系。
作者简介稻垣荣洋,日本静冈大学教授,农学博士,专攻杂草生态学。曾在日本农林水产省、静冈县农林技术研究所等处任职,现已出版90多部作品。代表作有《有趣得让人睡不着的植物》《身边昆虫的华丽生存法》《弱者的生存策略》《植物为什么不会动》等。译者简介宋刚,北京外国语大学日语学院翻译硕士(MTI)教研部主任,副教授,硕士生导师。出版有《宫泽贤治童话集》等译著13部,参与了2018年、2019年政府工作报告及十九大报告的日文版翻译工作,在2014年亚太经济合作组织(APEC)会议、2016年G20峰会、2018年中日第三方市场合作论坛等大型国际会议中为中日两国领导人提供同声传译。画师简介出离,原名吴秀珍,自然插画师,为多部博物类图书绘制插图,现致力于自然类型绘本和博物类型插图的创作。
代序 关注“生活世界”中的食物
章小麦——文明从一粒种子诞生有一天,我们的祖先完成了人类历史上“伟大”的发现。由于发现了产生基因突变的“一粒小麦”,人类结束了狩猎生活,开始了农耕文明。 水稻原产于中国,后向西经印度传入欧洲,向东传入韩国、日本。 水稻产量越高,就能养活越多的人口,随之而来也会积累更多的财富。
第二章水稻——稻作文化创造了东亚文明水稻原产于中国,后向西经印度传入欧洲,向东传入韩国、日本。 水稻产量越高,就能养活越多的人口,随之而来也会积累更多的财富。
第三章 胡椒——让欧洲人狂热追求的黑色黄金在欧洲,家畜的肉是非常昂贵的食材,但肉容易腐败,无法长期保存。“随时随地吃到美味的肉”是一种奢侈的生活,而香辛料是能够实现这种生活的“魔法药粉”。
第四章 辣椒——哥伦布的苦恼与亚洲的狂热哥伦布把在美洲大陆发现的辣椒称为“pepper”(胡椒)。但是,他真的不知道胡椒的味道吗? 这其中隐藏着他的苦恼。
第五章 马铃薯——造就了美国的“恶魔植物”在爱尔兰,一场马铃薯晚疫病突如其来。由于大饥荒,无粮可食的人们背井离乡,将目光投向了新天地——美国。移居的爱尔兰人的子孙中,成功人士辈出。
第六章 番茄——改变了全世界食物的红色果实番茄这种来自美洲大陆的果实仅用了数百年的时间就经欧洲传播到了亚洲。番茄改变了全世界的饮食文化。
第七章 棉花——“能长出羊毛的植物” 与工业革命18 世纪下半叶的英国,在那个追求平价棉织 品的社会发生了一件革命性的大事。由于蒸汽机的出现,作业开始机械化,规模化生产变为可能,这就是“工业革命”。
第八章 茶——鸦片战争与咖啡因的魔力人们越喜爱神秘的饮品——茶,就越需要从清政府购买茶叶。大量的白银外流,英国计划向清政府倾销鸦片。
第九章 甘蔗——诱惑了人类的甜味种植活动费时费力,需要充足的劳动力,欧洲各国纷纷相中非洲殖民地的劳动力资源,于是开始贩奴到美洲。从非洲前往新大陆的船上,挤满了种植甘蔗的奴隶。
第十章 大豆——从支撑中国五千年文明到走上世界舞台大豆原产于中国,它支撑了中国五千年文明的发展。由于自身营养丰富,大豆华丽变身为豆腐、 味噌等食品,并传播到美洲大陆。
第十一章 洋葱——象征着胜利的荣誉洋葱原产于中亚,在古埃及是非常重要的作 物。洋葱生长在干燥地带,为了免遭害虫和病菌侵害,产生了带有强烈辛味的物质。
第十二章 郁金香——世界初的经济泡沫与球根荷兰创建了东印度公司,通过海外贸易积累了大量资产,从此,荷兰的黄金时代拉开了帷幕。人们开始用剩余的资本竞相求购球根。
第十三章 玉米——席卷世界的令人吃惊的农作物玉米不仅仅是粮食,它还是制造工业酒精、纸箱的原材料,也可以生产代替石油的生物乙醇等。现代社会没有玉米就无法存续。
结束语 参考文献
这是一部非常有趣的书,不经意间传播了许多重要的知识点,它们未必有多高深,却很有意思。植物的故事,也涉及人的财富观、人生观、幸福观。稻垣荣洋教授尝试从植物的角度看世界历史、看人类文明。他在书的结尾处说:“人类的历史其实是植物的历史。” 换个视角,“人类只不过是照料着植物的可怜虫”,这对狂妄自大的人类或许是一个较好的提醒。——刘华杰北京大学哲学系教授、博物学文化倡导者
真正深度介入到人类生活和人类历史中的植物并不多,有关这些植物的起源、传播及其文化,一向是科普图书的热门话题。《撼动世界史的植物》介绍了马铃薯、棉花、茶等作物对世界史的影响,从环境、医疗、物质文明、博物学等独特的视角重新审视人类社会。无论是在交通不发达的古代,还是在科技发达的现代社会,了解植物能帮助我们更好地了解人类自己。——刘夙上海辰山植物园工程师、科普作家
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