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我们梦想的未来都市(五十岚太郎与矶达雄携手,从建筑和科幻的角度为我们讲述梦想中的未来都市)
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小时候我们都...
小时候我们都畅销和描绘过名为“未来都市”的画面,画中各种超高层大楼林立、汽车与人在不同的输送带上运行,空中往返着的飞行器;
或者我们已经在科幻电影中看见这样的未来都市:街上到处是替人类执勤的机器人,人与机器人共同生活在同一个家中;在手冢治虫的动画中看见的机器仿生人原子小金刚……
人们所畅想的关于“未来都市”的梦境,究竟是什么样呢?
当建筑家们把焦点转向未来都市的时间点,发现与科幻文学兴盛的时期几乎重迭,未来都市分别以城市设计与科幻小说两种不同的角度表现出来。
那么,当现代建筑史与科幻小说碰撞,会擦出什么火花?
从梦中发散,溢出梦想外的“未来都市”又是什么模样?
而这个名为“未来都市”的梦,究竟是美梦,还是噩梦?
建筑史学家五十岚太郎携手矶达雄,从建筑与科幻两方面来谈述这些曾经被畅想过的未来都市,旁征博引谈论那些与时代紧紧相扣的未来的梦,也从中看见此刻指尖所指向的可能未来。
本书共分为“大阪世博会与20 世纪60 年代”“未来的两张面孔”“对于东京的想象力”“作为未来都市的东京”“近代乌托邦的系谱”“从乌托邦到科学”“亚洲与电脑”“虚拟空间的另一端”“21世纪视角与爱知县世博会”九个章节,详细阐述了日本两位建筑师五十岚太郎和矶达雄结合1970年的大阪世博会和2010年的上海世博会对“未来都市”的思考和对城市未来的构想。
著者:
五十岚太郎,日本建筑史学家、建筑评论家、东京大学博士。主要著作有《终结的建筑/开始的建筑》《关于现代建筑的16章》《现代日本建筑师列传》等。
矶达雄,1988年毕业于名古屋大学工学系建筑专业,曾任职于《日经建筑》编辑部,自2002年起,主持弗里克工作室编辑事务所,同时担任桑泽设计研究所、武藏野美术大学兼职讲师。
译者:
第1 章 大阪世博会与20 世纪60 年代 007
第2 章 未来的两张面孔 022
第3 章 对于东京的想象力 031
第4 章 作为未来都市的东京 046
第5 章 近代乌托邦的系谱 054
第6 章 从乌托邦到科学 069
第7 章 亚洲与电脑 077
第8 章 虚拟空间的另一端 088
第9 章 21 世纪视角与爱知世博会 096
后 记 111
序
2010 年5 月,上海世博会开幕了。
以“城市,让生活更美好”(Better City, Better Life)为主题,会场面积占地528 公顷,参展单位达240 个以上,预定参观人次为7000 万人的上海世博会,不论从任何层面来看,都超过了之前所有的世博会。
上海世博会的象征建筑“中国馆”,是将展示室腾举至空中的巨大建筑,整体造型模仿了古老木造建筑的木构组合方式,是能使人感受到历史与传统的设计(图1 ~图3)。这次上海世博会的亮点在于爱护地球环境的“低碳世博会”,因此博览会中大量使用电动车、精化壁面、LED 照明等生态环保技术;另外,改造旧建筑进行再利用的展馆也相当多。
采访各个展馆时,到处都能发现关于绿色能源、绿色材料等新的环境共生技术的介绍。但与这样的展馆共同展示的,却是另一幅未来都市的图像——以空桥连接起来的超高楼大厦、周边环绕着的是高架列车和空气动力车(air car)等新型交通系统林立交错的景象。而这与四十年前的大阪世博会所描绘出来的未来都市,并无太大的改变。
随着电脑影像处理技术的突飞猛进,各种表现形式也变得更加多元化;然而这些图像表现的内容却与往昔并无二致。我们所梦想过的未来都市,直到现在似乎仍然尚未脱离想象的阶段。
让我们继续回到中国上海世博会。《香格里拉》(2005)是日本小说家池上永一的作品,也曾被改拍成动画片。这部电视剧以21 世纪中叶的东京为背景,描写地球变暖现象急剧恶化时,碳取代了金钱成为推动世界经济的主要动力,碳排放量则成为新的国力指标。日本为了减少碳排放量,采取了东京整体绿化政策。彻底实行这个方案的日本,不再只是停留在屋顶绿化的阶段,而是让植物完全吞噬高楼大厦,让整个东京市彻底丛林化。同时,东京的皇居上空则建设了名为“亚特拉斯(Atlas)”的空中都市。“亚特拉斯”是以碳素材为支柱的巨型结构(mega-structure),其中居住了350 万名特权阶级,他们不用降落到地面,就在此处生活。
这部电视动画所描绘的是——即使在彻底考量环境的未来社会中,人们还是持续建设出20 世纪时构想出来的巨型结构景象。即,即使在崇尚保护自然环境的时代,人们仍旧向往着那个曾经的未来都市。如此束缚着我们的未来都市,其根源究竟来自何处? 而其意象又如何改变?本书试图探索未来都市的历史,思考时代与地域更迭对未来都市的想象所造成的变迁。
未来都市其实就是现实生活中城市规划的延展,是由建筑师与城市规划学者共同构想出来的;然而另一方面,像《香格里拉》这类的小说、漫画、电影等虚构文本,也以各式各样的方式描绘出未来都市的样貌。在这本书中,希望不仅能收录建筑师们贴近现实的计划,同时也将小说家们远离现实的想象纳入,以两方并重的方式来重新思考未来都市的图像。
本书的执笔者中,五十岚太郎是建筑史研究者,现在除了在大学任教之外,同时也撰写建筑评论。我之前在建筑专业杂志出版社担任编辑,现在是一名独立的建筑专业记者,活跃在建筑领域。
在撰写本书的分工上,凡是建筑师或在现实上与未来都市相关的章节都由五十岚太郎负责,而小说、电影中出现虚构的未来都市部分则由我撰写。我们两人都是建筑专业人士,同时对虚构的未来都市图像都有着浓厚兴趣,在领域上也多少有相互重叠的部分。
章节的构成则以一个主题为中心,以现实与虚构两方面的考察交错配置的方式构成:第1、2 章讨论从20 世纪五六十年代到1970 年的大阪世博会会这段时间里,对未来都市的兴趣与认识显著提高的现象;关于东京的未来都市论述在第3、4 章中呈现;从文艺复兴时期到近、现代期间关于乌托邦的系谱则安排在第5、6 章,因为电脑而改变的未来都市面貌会在第7、8 章呈现出来。第9 章,则由五十岚执笔,以与第1 章的大阪世博会对照的方式,讨论2005 年的爱知世博会。
现在,就让我们一同开启探寻之旅,朝向未来都市出发!
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