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巴尔扎克的柳叶刀
$41.34
拿破仑未完成的事业,巴尔扎克用“柳叶刀”来完成。文学中的摹仿理论,如何翻译现实中的医学成就,现实主义与医学进展,如何塑造了 19 世纪欧洲小说的面貌 ?医学与文学交相辉映,碰撞出精彩的理论火花。
这是一部关于叙事医学与 19 世纪文学研究的经典著作,是对小说中存在的现实主义的一次全新、重要的再诠释。芝加哥大学的罗斯菲尔德教授详细描述了欧洲小说与临床医学话语之间的紧密关系,其准确性、细节和复杂性在同时代的研究中出类拔萃。本书既是对 19 世纪的西方文学进行重新诠释,又是对传统文学史家研究方法的大胆挑战。著者沉浸于《包法利夫人》《福尔摩斯探案集》《高老头》等文学名著中的细节,拒绝将现实主义等同于表现的理论。他认为,文学史是话语史及其相关实践的一部分,进而展示了临床医学如何影响近代文学名著,医学如何为巴尔扎克、福楼拜、柯南·道尔、乔治·艾略特等作家提供了叙事策略、认识论假设和专业模式。此外,本书还探索了文学如何影响医学的社会地位与学术地位,比如探讨了医学在 19 世纪西方科学中的地位下降,现实主义写作开始被自然主义、侦探小说和现代主义所取代,而其背景正是现代科学的兴起。
[美]劳伦斯·罗斯菲尔德(Lawrence Rothfield ),芝加哥大学英语系副教授,1986 年从美国哥伦比亚大学毕业获文学博士学位,同年开始在芝加哥大学任教,有 40 多年英语文学教学与研究经验。研究方为 19 世纪英法小说、小说批判理论、文学与人文科学文化学习理论等。
译者:汪浩,专业医学泽者,美国西肯塔基大学硕士研究生毕业。参与的译作有《治气养心之术》《流传千年的欧洲养生术》《剑桥科学史》等。
第 1 章 医学与摹仿:结构的表象 / 1第 2 章 分解《包法利夫人》:福楼拜与现实世界的医学化进程 / 19第 3 章 话语语境中的巴尔扎克:现实主义范式与专业主义 / 63第 4 章 “新的认识器官”:医学机体论和《米德尔马契》中现实主义的局限性 / 119第 5 章 现实主义与自然主义之别:一些考古学上的考量 / 169第 6 章 福尔摩斯与对现实主义的扭曲:从诊断到演绎 / 183第 7 章 病理学观点:临床现实主义的消亡与现代反话语的出现 / 209后 记 走向新式历史主义方法论 / 245致 谢 / 268
本书开门见山地描述了一个难以定义的命题,就是“现实主义”,即 19 世纪小说中难以捉摸但又不可或缺的一种文学类别。无论是对其予以正面评价(如哈利·莱文与乔治·列文,以及卢卡奇·格奥尔格与弗雷德里克·詹姆森)或负面评价(如罗兰·巴特与史蒂芬·希斯),过去的半个世纪里,“现实主义”(realism)被广泛视为“再现”(representation)一词的代名词,换言之,在一些评论家眼中,它是指词语与事物、惯例与现实、能指与所指、精神与形式之间的结合或分裂。随后,关于现实主义的争论,开始倾向于深入讨论现实主义是否超越了惯例与形式,或者说,现实主义是否仅限于一种阐明“天真的”哲学假设的文学表达,即现实主义小说中的文字,是对现实的再现;或者,现实主义是否呈现出一种相反的范式,即尽力通过摹仿、对话或混搭不同风格,以打破惯例,呈现出现实的全新陌生景象。
为了打破这一僵局,同时又不彻底否定将现实主义归为文学史门类的分类方式,我们要重新思考整个现实主义这一命题,而不是再现命题、词语与事物、符号与象征、惯例与现实之间的关系。我认为,达成这一要求的方法,就是认真接受巴赫金的断言,即小说是由话语编织而成的(而不是由符号或惯例编织而成)。如果小说是由话语编织而成的纹理,那么人们就能描述特定的小说体裁(现实主义小说、自然主义小说、感想小说、现代主义小说、侦探小说等)的根据,这不是出于小说中隐含的再现理论,也不是出于现代主义小说中经常提到的无法实现再现的理论,而是出于在每种小说体裁中占主导地位的话语类型,以及不同话语之间的关系。这种描述的结果,就是给现实主义小说当中的“真实”提供了一种更为属地化的精确性;这种真实,可以与巴尔扎克、福楼拜和艾略特等小说家以独特方式改编的特定话语所提供的“真实”相一致。
本书在许多方面与 19 世纪研究中所谓的“新历史主义”观点有很多共通之处。像 D. A. 米勒、马克·塞尔策、乔纳森·阿拉克、凯瑟琳·加拉格尔这些评论家一样,我也会着手于揭示小说与话语之间的联系,话语迄今为止一直被忽视,但在一种文化当中,它的运作依然是制度化的。但是我认为,只要某些问题尚未澄清,新一代的历史主义者的事业就不会实现。其中最重要的一个问题就是,话语与权力之间的关系应当怎样理解。例如,对于塞尔策与米勒而言,小说中的话语,可能不过是一种用来掩盖权力的假象。这两位评论家都倾向于把犯罪学中的琐碎事务、道德自制或社会学因素置于更为根本性的现象之下,这种现象,米勒称之为“警察的一般事务” 。我认为,这种关于权力的观点,即使没有错误,也至少过分简化了。问题不在于权力实际上与话语全无关联(无论在小说中还是在文化中),而在于权力内含于某些话语中,并在话语发挥功能时随之表现。如果一种文学现象,如现实主义,产生于某一特定的文化语境之中,我们就需要解释这种语境,但我们不能将其视为一种权力执行“一般事务”的语言,而应通过判别编织于小说中的话语,并追踪其文化背景(一般关于一些禁忌及禁忌发挥效力的场合)去解释这种语境。我认为,只有以这种方式进行解释,我们才有可能理解话语所处的文化斗争,以及小说在这类斗争中所扮演的角色。……
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