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家的记忆 了不起的中国民居
$70.30
中国民居是中国古代建筑中数量多、分布广的一种建筑形式。本书从民居的历史发展谈起,用深入浅出的语言,配以大量实景照片、钢笔画、彩画,生动地介绍了中国具有代表性的民居的建筑模式、建筑结构特点、建筑材料的选用,以及背后的文化与历史。全书包括中国民居的发展历程、中国民居的建筑形式、中国民居的艺术特征三章内容,有很强的理论性、艺术性和欣赏性。本书对于研究中国建筑文化、继承古老文化传统有重要意义,可供建筑专业相关人员及中国建筑文化爱好者阅读使用。
[加]王其钧
前言01 中国民居的发展历程 1先秦时期的民居 2秦汉两晋时期的民居 5唐宋时期的民居 8明清时期的民居 1202 中国民居的建筑形式 16北京四合院 19朝鲜族民居 36蒙古包 43山西祁县民居 54陕西关中民居 67窑洞民居 80皖南民居 99江浙民居 116泉州民居 143福建土楼 154赣南围子 182客家围拢屋 196开平碉楼 210贵州石板房 226丽江民居 240干栏式民居 250四川民居 268藏族碉房 294维吾尔族民居 313大理白族民居 32403中国民居的艺术特征 340疏密得当,虚实相生 344外实内虚,气韵生动 353朴实淡雅,内外通透 359装饰明艳,丽而不俗 370诗情画意,音乐旋律 378参考文献 386
分布在中国各地的传统居住建筑是中国古代建筑中一种最基本的类型。居住建筑出现得最早,分布得最广,数量也最多。《礼记?王制》中将与宫殿建筑相对应的民间住宅称为“民居”,“民居”一词由于简洁,便在当代被人们广泛使用。民居研究工作者所称的民居,基本上是指不是由职业建筑师设计,而是由房屋的业主及聘用的工匠自行设计建造的住宅,也就是不是建筑师设计的建筑。但是也有例外,民居中的防御性住宅——开平碉楼就是由当时侨居海外的广东江门乡民请当地的建筑师设计的,尽管其历史仅百年,但是也被学者认定为是传统民居。我们之所以对民居感兴趣并进行研究,就是想从使用者设计的角度来发现民居中存在的更多的设计智慧,以及中国人对于住宅文化的定义与创新。中国是一个幅员辽阔、民族众多的国家,各地区的自然环境和人文情况不同,各地民居自然显现出多样化的面貌。民居文化的地域性形成有多方面的原因,其中包括各地多元的民众生活方式、生产内容、民族习惯、传统继承等因素,也包括南北方、东西部多样的自然环境和资源条件的差异。海洋文化、草原文化、中原文化、高原文化所彰显出来的巨大差异性,决定了民居区域文化形象标识的丰富多姿。不仅如此,各个地区建筑材料的获取与制约,更加扩大了民居的地域风采。中国民居反映出的成熟的营造思想和营造模式,都来源于客观环境下民众的集体主观意识和智慧创造。在几千年的历史进程中,中国传统住宅的根脉文化得以形成并固化。在民居的调查中,我们发现,民居的平面布局、结构方法、造型和细部特征都是有其形成的原因,要么是法制所限、要么是传统束缚、要么是经济制约。在种种条件下,人们还是要在有利于生产、便利生活的前提下,把住宅设计得合理好用;同时,又把自己的理想、心愿、信仰反映到民居建筑的装饰之中。这些装饰的题材内容十分丰富,通过鹤、鹿、蝙蝠、喜鹊、梅、竹、百合、灵芝、“万”字纹、“回”纹形象与图案将寓意予以呈现。此外,还不忘自我教育、自我鞭策,将如何做人这个伦理观念体现在建筑的设计之中。我的民居调查始于20世纪80年代,第一个目标是写一本简要介绍中国民居的书。当时由于个人经费有限,我就把自己之前十多年去全国各地深入生活时的一些绘画速写,改为白描作品,作为那本书的插图。那本题为《中国民居》的书于1991年在上海人民美术出版社出版。1989年底,我到中国建筑工业出版社工作。恰逢两件与民居相关的工作交由我参加:一是由我作为作者撰写10卷本中《中国古建筑大系5:民间住宅建筑》;二是我作为建筑指导和节目主持人,参与中央电视台的12集《中国民居趣谈》电视系列片的拍摄和制作。这两项活动使我有机会更加深入和更加广泛地在短时间内调研中国民居。中国建筑工业出版社是建设部(2008年组建住房和城乡建设部,不再保留建设部)直属单位,中央电视台的这个民居节目拍摄也是和建设部合作,因此,我的民居调研得到相当多的各地的民居古建筑专家的支持和协助。这种有利的调研条件是后来我所工作的高校不具备的。20世纪90年代初,中国各地的城市乡村建筑改造还没有全面铺开,因此,我还是看到、拍摄到、调查到一批优秀的传统民居。以重庆为例,重庆嘉陵江边的临江门码头,有一条从江边一直向上通到城市主干道的、宽阔的台阶道路。这条非常宽的路微微弯曲,是被称为“棒棒军”的挑夫上下货船的要道。道路的两侧,是从路边一直延伸到两侧山顶的传统民居,就像一个牛角形的空间。举目望去都是传统的建筑环境。石阶梯一条条横向的线条,搭配高高低低、错落有致的老房子。下面是鳞次栉比的屋顶,平视两侧山坡露出高耸的吊脚楼下部支撑的木柱结构。灰灰的颜色是小青瓦和旧木料的高度统一,密密麻麻的线条是多变的民居造型与横向的、宽阔的台阶道路的疏密对比。20世纪80年代正是改革开放后,外国学者纷纷来到中国进行学术交流的高峰期。只要是到访当时的重庆建筑工程学院(现重庆大学建筑与城市规划学院)的国外学者,都会被推荐去临江门参观。所有人都被这种世界上独一无二的、巨大尺度的传统民居空间所震撼,都会被体现了中华民族勤劳勇敢、极富创新精神的乡土建筑所感动。这个画面充分展示了华夏民众在艰苦自然条件下创建自己家园的技术能力和审美高度。它向世界展示了中国的建筑传统技艺,同时又显示出统一和谐的艺术格调,用非常传统的营造模式,创建出当今社会建筑师无力想象的建筑艺术。中国是一个古老的国家,但是百年以上历史的传统建筑却在慢慢消失。这正是当年我们抓紧进行传统民居调研的原因。
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