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妇科疾病健康教育指导手册
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目 录
部分 女性生殖系统解剖生理............... 1
1.女性外生殖器包括哪些? .................................. 3
2.女性内生殖器官包括哪些? ................................ 5
3.女性子宫有怎样的功能?.................................... 8
4.输卵管对女性受孕起到什么样的作用?................. 9
5.卵巢对女性起到什么作用?.................................. 10
6.雌激素对女性有什么样的作用?........................... 11
7.雌激素在女性体内怎样发生变化?...................... 13
8.孕激素是怎样产生的?....................................... 14
9.孕激素的作用有哪些?....................................... 14
10.卵子是怎样产生的?.......................................... 15
11.孕卵是怎么形成的?......................................... 16
12.妊娠后母体发生的生理变化是什么?.......... 18
13.卵巢的生理周期是怎样的?............................... 18
14.雌孕激素是怎样发生周期性变化的?................... 19
15.女性的月经是怎么形成的?............................... 20
16.子宫内膜的周期性变化是怎样的?.................... 21
17.影响阴道生态平衡因素有哪些?........................ 23
18.女性一生要经历哪几个阶段?会发生哪些生
理变化?........................................................ 24
第二部分 妇科常用检查指导...................... 29
1.什么是超声检查?.............................................. 31
2.妇科B超检查前需要注意什么?........................... 32
3.什么是腹腔镜检查?有哪些适应证和禁忌证?..... 32
4.什么是宫腔镜检查?有哪些适应证和禁忌证?....... 33
5.什么是输卵管通畅检查?有哪些适应证与禁
忌证?.............................................................. 35
6.什么是阴道镜检查?........................................... 37
7.HPV 检测的临床意义?....................................... 38
8.肿瘤标志物检查的临床意义?............................. 38
9.什么是生殖道脱落细胞学检查?.......................... 39
10.什么是宫颈锥切?............................................ 40
11.什么是诊断性刮宫?......................................... 41
12.哪些情况需要做激素测定?................................ 42
13.HCG检测的临床意义是什么?........................... 43
14.OGTT-胰岛素释放试验检测的临床意义?.......... 45
15.多囊卵巢综合征的患者检测OGTT的临床意义?. 45
第三部分 专科健康指导............................ 47
1.妇科患者常用的饮食种类有哪些?...................... 49
2.常见妇科疾病有哪些主要症状? ........................ 50
3.妇科围手术期怎样管理?.................................... 51
4.妇科常见疾病出院指导有哪些?.......................... 54
5.如何正确地坐浴?................................................ 56
第四部分 计划生育健康教育..................... 57
1.你使用避孕措施的方法正确吗?.......................... 59
2.常见避孕失败的补救措施有哪些?...................... 60
3.人工流产对母儿双方有哪些伤害?...................... 61
4.人工流产手术后应注意什么?............................. 62
5.人工流产后多久来月经?.................................... 63
6.什么是人工流产综合征?.................................... 64
7.如何“高效”避孕呢?............................................ 65
8.放环避孕需要注意什么?.................................... 65
9.如果需要取环应注意什么?................................ 66
10.怎样选择避孕方法?......................................... 67
11.怎样使用避孕套?............................................ 68
12.短效避孕药怎样服用?..................................... 68
13. 紧急避孕药怎么服用?.................................... 69
14.避孕药停服多久才能正常怀孕呢?.................... 70
第五部分 妇科常见疾病健康教育............... 71
1.得了前庭大腺炎应该怎么办?............................. 73
2.患有子宫内膜异位症的女性应注意些什么?......... 74
3.得了子宫肌瘤怎么办?....................................... 75
4.女性切除子宫有什么影响? ............................... 76
5.患有滴虫性阴道炎时怎么办?............................. 78
6.霉菌性阴道炎是怎么回事? ............................... 78
7.围绝经期综合征会有哪些表现?.......................... 79
8.绝经以后为什么容易发生阴道炎?...................... 81
9.什么是宫颈炎? ........................................... 81
10.宫颈癌相关的高危因素有哪些? ...................... 82
11.如何预防宫颈癌的发生?.................................. 84
12.哪些人适合接种HPV疫苗?............................... 85
13.接种HPV疫苗后可以保护多长时间呢?.............. 85
14.导致流产的常见原因?怀孕期间应注意些
什么?........................................................... 86
15.卵巢肿瘤相关的高危因素有哪些?应如何
提高自我防范意识?....................................... 87
16.什么是卵巢囊肿蒂扭转?.................................. 88
17.什么是功能失调性子宫出血? .......................... 89
18.什么是不孕症?不孕症需要做哪些检查?.......... 90
19.什么是辅助生殖技术?..................................... 90
20.什么是葡萄胎?怎样随访?............................... 91
21.妊娠呕吐需要注意什么?.................................. 93
22.子宫内膜癌是咋回事? .................................... 94
23.什么是淋病?如何预防?.................................. 95
24.什么是尖锐湿疣?............................................ 96
25.什么是梅毒?................................................... 97
26.什么是稽留流产?............................................ 97
27.剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠是咋回事?........................ 98
28.什么是复发性流产?......................................... 98
29.什么是多囊卵巢综合征?.................................. 99
30.肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征患者为什么要控制
体重?........................................................... 100
31.肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征患者生活方式应从
哪些方面来进行调整?................................... 101
32.什么是经前期综合征?..................................... 102
33.盆腔积液是由什么引起的?............................... 103
34.什么是子宫脱垂? ........................................... 104
35.什么是子宫托?................................................ 106
36.什么是子宫内膜异位症?.................................. 106
37.怎样预防子宫内膜异位症?............................... 107
38.哪些疾病可引起阴道流血?............................... 108
39.艾滋病对母儿有什么影响?............................... 109
40.什么是妊娠期糖尿病?..................................... 110
41.糖尿病对孕妇有哪些影响?............................... 110
42.什么是妊娠合并心脏病?.................................. 111
43.心脏病患者怀孕后会有什么样的风险?.............. 111
44.哪些心脏病患者不宜妊娠?............................... 112
45.什么是宫颈息肉?............................................ 113
46.宫颈息肉对怀孕有影响吗?............................... 114
47.什么是支原体感染?......................................... 114
48.什么是沙眼衣原体感染?.................................. 115
49.外阴白斑是怎么回事?..................................... 115
50.病毒性肝炎患者怀孕后会有什么样的风险?....... 116
51.什么是外阴、阴道创伤?.................................. 116
52.什么是TORCH感染?....................................... 117
53.怎样预防TORCH感染?.................................... 118
54.什么是异位妊娠? ........................................... 118
55.化疗患者需要注意哪些?.................................. 119
56.什么是下肢深静脉血栓?.................................. 121
57.怎样预防术后下肢深静脉血栓?........................ 122
58.腹腔镜术后出现肩腹疼痛怎么办?.................... 123
59.什么是盆腔炎性疾病?怎样预防盆腔炎?.......... 124
60.卵巢黄体破裂是咋回事?.................................. 125
第六部分 女性保健................................... 127
1.为什么儿童期要进行性教育?............................. 129
2.如何对青春期少女进行性教育?.......................... 129
3.怎样对青春期少女进行保健指导?...................... 130
4.婚前保健的重要性有哪些?................................ 131
5.怎样做好孕前保健?........................................... 132
6.孕前需要做哪些检查?....................................... 132
7.妊娠早期如何保健?........................................... 133
8.女性月经期应注意些什么?................................ 134
9.痛经的女性该如何保健?.................................... 135
10.经期腹泻如何保健?......................................... 136
11.“基础体温”有何指导意义?................................ 137
12.怎样正确认识“性卫生”?................................... 138
13.成年人性道德的八大原则是什么?.................... 139
14.女性盆底肌肉功能障碍会有什么样的影响?....... 140
15.什么是压力性尿失禁?..................................... 141
16.盆底肌锻炼有哪些方法?.................................. 141
17.盆底肌锻炼需注意些什么?............................... 148
18.什么是盆底康复治疗技术?其适应证和禁忌证
是什么?........................................................ 148
19.绝经过渡期怎样保健?..................................... 149
20.什么是围绝经期综合征?.................................. 150
21.怎样幸福度过“更年期”?................................... 151
22.老年期怎样保健?............................................ 152
23.为什么会出现骨质疏松?.................................. 153
24.为什么围绝经期女性是骨质疏松的高危人群?... 154
25.激素补充治疗适宜哪些女性?........................... 154
26.哪些女性不宜激素补充治疗?........................... 155
27.激素补充治疗(HRT)的注意事项?................. 156
28.激素补充治疗怎样进行随访管理?.................... 156
29.中老年女性怎样调整健康生活方式?................... 157
附录1 妇科常用的实验室检查项目参考值........ 159
附录2 围绝经期综合征自我判断评定表........... 167
参考文献........................................................ 168
前 言
在科学技术飞速发展、物质生活水平日益提高、精神文化生活不断丰富的今天,健康长寿是每个人的愿望,广大人民群众获得健康知识的需求日益迫切,希望寻求获取权威、科学、准确的健康知识途径。医务工作者承担着传播健康理念、传授健康知识、促进健康教育的社会责任。这是一项“利在当代、功在千秋”的事业,通过健康信息的传播,帮助并指导女性朋友建立有益于健康的行为习惯和生活方式,使人们在面临疾病的预防、治疗、康复等问题时,有能力做出正确的选择,养成有利于健康的生活方式,消除或减轻各种危险因素,达到健康的相关指标,从而增进健康、延长寿命、提高生活质量。
每一个关注健康的人都希望通过学习疾病的相关知识,在疾病发生之前能够知道如何有效避免诱发因素,有目的预防和控制疾病的发生发展,了解疾病的病因、发展过程,积极配合医生治疗,对疾病的预后和转归能够乐观地正确面对,以积极的心态和科学的方法进行自我康复训练,为程度的康复做好知识储备。在此情况下我们组织编写了《妇科疾病健康教育指导手册》,旨在为妇科专科工作的护理同仁和广大患者、家属提供一本简明扼要、实用方便的健康教育参考书。
本书重点介绍了妇科常见疾病的概念、病因、常见诱因、专科检查的目的、治疗措施以及健康保健等大多数患者及家属所关心的问题。本书针对常见妇科疾病进行健康指导,其专科内容丰富,针对性、指导性、实用性强,文字上力求简练且通俗易懂,便于读者阅读,既可作为临床医务人员向患者进行健康教育的样本,也可供患者及家属阅读参考。
本书的编者具有丰富的教学和临床经验,同时得到了妇科专家给予的专业指导,在编写过程中付出了艰辛的努力。由于编写时间仓促、水平有限,尽管我们做了相当大的努力,但书中难免有疏漏和不足,敬请读者和护理同行批评指正。
编者
2018年6月
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