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城市微更新:城市存量空间设计与改造
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1.实用性强,理论结合案例,改造前后对比,充分展示项目过程与细节。2.制作精美,提升阅读体验。
随着城市化进程的加快,土地成为非常稀缺的资源。为了使城市物质空间满足人们新的需求,在寸土寸金的城市里,使每一寸土地都能得到充分利用是至关重要的。对城市空间进行局部、微小的改变往往能激发城市自身的能动性,避免了因大规模改变城市空间环境所带来的诸多不确定后果。本书围绕城市微更新这一话题,以理论结合案例的形式向读者展现了近年来颇具代表性的城市存量空间设计与改造实例,包括城市滨水空间改造、老旧工业建筑改造、老旧独立居住及办公空间改造、商业空间及商用建筑改造、城市广场改造、学校改造等项目类型,通过改造前后对比、局部初设图纸、高质量的实景照片,向读者全面展示项目改造过程。本书适合建筑师、相关专业院校的师生,以及关注城市发展、对城市微更新感兴趣的人士参考使用。
李涛,UAO瑞拓设计,创始人主持建筑师国家一级注册建筑师,建筑学专业毕业,23年设计从业经验,国家一级注册建筑师,武汉市园林景观设计行业协会秘书长,2014年9月至今在武汉大学教授建筑设计课程。主要项目有良友红坊艺术社区改造、龙美术馆景观设计,等等,提出“大景观 微建筑 一体化”的设计研究方向;提出“素材、自然与身体”的设计方法论,即纯净单一的材质,把自然条件放在设计需要考虑的首位,从自身的感受出发,诗意地栖居。
设计引言 0011 城市微更新概述 0022 城市微更新与城市剩余空间价值的挖掘和利用 0023 国内外关于城市更新的发展与实践 0033.1 英国、美国、日本等国家的城市更新进程及对我国的启示 0033.1.1 英国的城市更新 0033.1.2 美国的城市更新 0043.1.3 日本的城市更新 0053.1.4 国外城市更新给我国带来的启示 0053.2 我国城市更新的发展进程,以上海市为例 0063.2.1 政府政策引导 0063.2.2 相关设计企业的参与 0073.2.3 地方高校的相关课程与实践 0083.2.4 公众的参与 0094 不同城市空间的微更新策略 0094.1 老旧独立居住空间改造 0094.2 老旧小区改造 0104.3 城市滨水空间改造 0114.4 商业街及商场改造 0124.5 位于城市中心的公共绿地改造 0134.6 遗留的老旧工业厂房改造 0145 城市微更新的价值与意义 0155.1 提升城市竞争力及土地的使用价值 0155.2 有利于居民物质及精神文化生活的提升 0165.3 对城市印记的保留 017案例赏析 019城市滨水空间改造 021上海民生码头水岸改造及贯通 021老旧工业建筑改造 049良友红坊ADC 艺术设计中心及社区景观改造 049宝山再生能源利用中心概念展示馆 071爱马思艺术中心 085老旧独立居住及办公空间改造 099七舍合院胡同四合院改造 099白塔寺胡同大杂院改造 115苏州有熊文旅公寓古宅改造 133KARMA 办公楼改造 147商业空间及商用建筑改造 157北京华润凤凰汇购物中心里巷改造 157重塑自然序列天健领域改造更新 177木木艺术社区改造 197城市广场改造 209安亭新镇中央广场改造 209学校改造 229云南省玉溪市生态实验小学改造 229设计公司名录 248
中国城市化的进程在近20 年得以加速,城市的面貌日新月异。研究城市化的进程就会发现,城市其实一直处于变化之中,如同一个生命有机体,不断地生长。城市从诞生到长大,再到蓬勃,一直在“新陈代谢”。当然城市也会老去,历史中也有不少城市消失在历史的长河中。在人类历史中,科技发展其实是城市化的基础动力。无论是工业革命还是信息革命,生产方式的转变,都带动了城市地块功能的逐步转变。比如原来城市核心区的码头建筑,因为铁路运输的发达而逐步废弃,这是物流方式转变带来的城市地块功能的变化。城市化进程的表象是城市人口的剧增,更多的人口需要更多的居住空间、交通空间和公共空间。城市扩张、工厂逐步外迁,留下城市“棕地”需要进行更新改造。城市化的飞速发展,也带来了更多的剩余空间,一种是城市设施自身的富余空间,如立交桥下;另一种是城市设施之间的挤压空间,如口袋公园。这些也是需要不断更新的场地。城市建筑自身也有寿命期限,当城市的细胞(尺度从一栋楼到一间房)因为年代久远,不再适宜居住或功能转变时,则需要更好的更新方式来对待它们。城市不仅是一个宏大的命题。因为它是连续生长的,由无数个小的单元模块或者不同功能的地块整合而成,随着中国城市化逐步走向更加集约、精致的阶段,大拆大建的模式已不多见,城市微更新却可以像针灸手术一样对更小的地块进行更新改造。微更新,它的对象是小尺度的,它的方式是渐进的,它的原则是保护性的——能留下的建筑特征和文脉,会被限度地保留。既然是更新,而不是推倒重建,那么就必然涉及更新的载体:现存场地或现存建筑。也必然涉及更新后的新结构,新旧结构之间,是对话和并置的关系。新旧结构的距离,不仅是物理上的距离(比如很多旧改项目,可以将新旧之间脱开一定距离,微小到几厘米的缝隙或者是材质上的对比),也是时间上的距离(旧结构使用的是当年的工艺,新结构必须用当代的工艺和材料),进而产生心理上的距离。这种距离,并不是要刻意形成好坏的比拼,而是彰显时间的流逝,与年代感的并置。并置,一直是微更新的原则和必然手法。留存文脉,彰显并置,植入新的功能,从而给老旧场地或建筑注入新的活力。除了并置的原则,微更新还有很多具体的手法,比如老的结构,新的表皮,我将其称为“新包老”,比如MAD 的珠海银坑艺术中心方案“穹顶下的村庄”;也可以是老的表皮,完全新的内核,这是“老包新”,比如青山周平的苏州有熊文旅公寓;也可以是老的下层基础,新的上层结构,这是“老下新上”, 比如赫尔佐格和德梅隆的汉堡易北爱乐音乐厅; 还可以是局部的替换,这是“局新换老”,比如UAO 瑞拓设计的良友红坊ADC 艺术设计中心;还有就是“全新换老”,这个提法更适合于城市的剩余空间,比如口袋公园,它的旧体现在它的用地边界、周边的老建筑或既有功能并没有发生变化,但是地块本身因为改造而对周边的建筑或人的活动产生了积极的影响,比如俞挺的水塔之家。城市微更新是和城市化紧密结合在一起的。城市化的发展带来城市的问题,如何解决这些问题也会是微更新的发展方向。我们可以大胆预测一下,未来的城市,因为自动驾驶科技和共享经济的发展,汽车不再私有,全部自动驾驶,个人或家庭不再需要自有车辆,汽车数量会大大减少,那么大量的停车空间必然会闲置,需要转换功能;汽车数量的下降也会带来城市交通空间的闲置,如跨越江河的桥梁、高架桥等,这些也需要更新。城市化的发展也伴随着人口老龄化,目前的住宅产品,也会向适老化更新……畅想未来城市的发展,是一个大开脑洞的有趣思维体。但是无论怎么畅想未来,无论城市如何发展,城市的使用主体是人。围绕人的使用、提升人的愉悦感,是所有城市微更新的不二法门。也正是围绕“人”的尺度来展开的更新,才是“微”更新,而不是“城市设计”或“再造新城”。充分照顾人的感受,才是微更新永远的正确发展方向。
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