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古都洛阳
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一座座建筑,曾经恢弘瑰丽;一座座古城,曾经富丽繁华。清华学者倾力奉献“中国古都五书”,从古建筑上那一道道斑驳的印记里,讲述一个个古都的历史与文化。“中国古代建筑知识普及与传承系列丛书•中国古都五书”曾两次入选“经典中国国际出版工程”,荣获“第三届(2013)中国大学出版社图书奖优秀畅销书”奖,一经推出,持续再版,广受好评。中国古都五书”之《古都洛阳》对洛阳的建都历史与文物建筑进行细致的梳理和讲解。书中有丰富的图片和史料,对于学术研究很有参考价值;同时也广泛引用古人描绘洛阳的诗词,亦可从中领略古都的美与沧桑。
本书与古代洛阳城为中心,从城市*初的选址城市历史,建城过程,重要历史典故,及几个重要阶段城市规划平面与空间特征,城市中的重要历史建筑物,进行了较为详细的描述与分析,对不同类型的建筑,洛阳历史上的宫殿、皇家苑囿、宗教建筑都进行了分别的叙述。同时对金代以后洛阳的衰落,经明清洛阳成的情况,以及现在洛阳城古代建筑遗存的情况进行了较为全面、充分与完整的描述、分析。
王贵祥,1996年获工学博士学位,清华大学建筑学院博士研究生毕业,1989年1月到1990年7月,英国爱丁堡大学建筑系访问学者。2001年10月至2002年5月,美国宾夕法尼亚大学美术学院建筑系高级访问学者。2000年起,任清华大学建筑学院教授、博士生导师、所长,校学位委员会委员,建筑学分委员会主席。
引言 /1
第壹章 邙山伊阙汇河洛 /5节 商周之都,华夏之源 /10第二节 河洛之间,天下之中 /20
第贰章 九朝故都是洛阳 /29节 洛阳建都简史 /31第二节 周秦洛邑,汉晋京师 /37第三节 北魏洛阳,隋唐东都 /52第四节 北宋西京,明清府城 /68
第叁章 汉晋遗阙北魏宫 /81节 汉晋洛阳宫苑 /83第二节 北魏宫苑 /96
第肆章 隋殿唐阁洛阳宫 /l05节 隋唐宫苑 /107第二节 从隋乾阳殿、唐乾元殿到武则天明堂 /123
第伍章 梵宫佛寺龙门窟 /163
第陆章 儒道庙观神祠宇 /205
第柒章 晋隋苑囿唐宋园 /229节 汉晋、北魏洛阳园池 /232第二节 隋唐洛阳苑囿与园池 /236第三节 宋代洛阳私家园池 /249
第捌章 里坊市肆士夫宅 /255节 北魏洛阳的里坊、市肆与园宅 /257第二节 隋唐洛阳的里坊、市肆与园宅 /261第三节 宋代洛阳住宅 /269第四节 明清洛阳住宅 /272
结语 /287插图目录 /292参考文献 /300
引 言
唐代诗人白居易自长庆四年(824年)罢杭州刺史,回到洛阳,并在洛阳城内东南隅的履道里买下一处宅园之后,在洛阳生活的时日也渐渐多了起来。唐大和六年(832年)恰是白居易六十花甲之年,这时的诗人已在家赋闲3年,每日流连于池上、竹间,沉迷于诗酒之中,到了傍晚时分,也会步出迂回曲折的里坊,到洛阳城中宽阔的南北向街道定鼎门大街上踱步。6月的白昼尤其的长,走得有点疲惫的诗人驻足眺望,宽阔的街道上,熙来攘往的行人络绎不绝,街道的北端,是洛河上的天津桥,桥头两侧那些壮硕的铁牛在落日余晖下泛出黝黑的光泽,桥北即是唐天子的洛阳宫,宫正门五凤楼错落的宫阙楼阁在夕阳的映射下熠熠生辉,回头向南望去,则是伊水龙门,风吹岸柳绿,霞映山林红,一片自然天成的景象,与城北的高阁伟阙恰成相互的映衬。白居易久陷寂寥忧郁的心情也不由地变得轻松愉快了起来,一首即景生情的七律诗就在心中涌动:晴阳晚照湿烟销,五凤楼高天泬寥。野绿全经朝雨洗,林红半被暮云烧。龙门翠黛眉相对,伊水黄金线一条。自入秋来风景好,就中好是今朝。洛阳,这座九朝故都,曾是多少诗人的心中梦境,更是无数政治家的胸中块垒。君不见宋人李格非有言:“天下之治乱,候于洛阳之盛衰;洛阳之盛衰,候于园圃之兴废。”其语虽以园圃为题,其意却凝结了中国历史中的一个文化与政治纠葛,所谓“逐鹿中原”、“问鼎中原”,大都是围绕着洛阳这样一座历史城市展开来的。然而,我们今日所见之洛阳,并非历史上所称之洛阳的全部。(图0.1)洛阳素有“九朝故都”之称,东周时直接将这里确定为全国首都。其后有东汉、曹魏、西晋、北魏、隋、唐、武周,以及五代时期的后梁、后唐等将洛阳作为了都城,北宋时代,将洛阳定为西京。周公初营洛邑,迁旧殷顽民于成周城,以便于其统治。所以洛邑曾是原西周的陪都,当时称为“东都”。从西周王城及成周城算起,洛阳城至少已经有3000多年的历史了。汉魏唐宋时的洛阳城,曾是:“石家园林洛水滨,粉垣碧瓦迷天津。楼台参差映金谷,歌舞日日娇青春。”如今的洛阳,早已是铅华洗尽,由一座曾经繁华一时的大都市,脱落成为一座平凡而恬淡的普通城市。往日的华贵尽成诗人之吟咏,熙来攘往的人群中,多了许多勤于劳作的寻常百姓,少了几许追名逐利的浮沉仕宦。雄伟的汉唐宫阙、魏晋塔阁,早已灰飞烟灭,只留下些许的地下遗迹,供人们凭吊与想象。然而,历经沧桑的山河依旧,伊阙依然雄伟,邙山仍旧壮观,龙门石窟的千年石刻,继续散发着魏隋唐宋的历史华韵;白马寺前的石马石碑,仍然诉说着洛阳城曾经的历史辉煌。而今日焕然一新的洛阳,已然在邙山、伊阙间巍然矗立,满城的富贵牡丹,依然姹紫嫣红,正所谓:“山河萦带九州横。深谷几为陵。千年万年兴废,花月洛阳城。”
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