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关键的规划理念:宜居性、区域性、治理与反思性实践
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为什么说有些地方更适合居住?如何构建既有助于经济增长又有助于促进社会平等的区域管辖结构?政府、市场与公民社会之间的协同关系需要怎样的治理机制?提高城市及区域居民的生活质量需要哪些专业的知识和技能?本书并非要给出上述问题的确切答案,只是试图通过对关键规划理念的深入探讨,赋予规划对话以更丰富的内涵,以期改进城市和区域规划实践,创建更美好的人居环境。
在过去百年来的城市化和郊区化发展过程中,有四个关键主题形塑了城市和区域规划的理论和实践,即宜居性、区域性、治理与反思性实践。本书主要讨论了城市密度、土地使用及建成环境与自然系统的关系;考察了不同层次的地域组织,梳理了区域主义、都市主义和区域竞争的文献;描述了不同政治环境下规划与政策制定和实施的关联方式;反思了规划者该如何思考他们的工作,并在实践中不断学习。本书着重强调了规划领域对话的重要性,尤其是如何更有效地推动公众参与城市和区域规划的过程,以便更好地提升城市生活的品质,实现均衡的区域发展,完善共同的治理责任,并让政府的决策更加民主化,而这些对于当下中国的规划实践无疑具有重大的指导意义。
[美国]比希瓦普利亚?桑亚尔(Bishwapriya Sanyal),美国麻省理工学院城市发展与规划学福特讲席国际教授。[美国]劳伦斯?J. 韦尔(Lawrence J. Vale),美国麻省理工学院城市设计与规划学福特讲席教授。[美国]克里斯蒂娜?D. 罗珊(Christina D. Rosan),美国坦普尔大学地理与城市研究助理教授。
致 谢章 四组规划对话第二章 塑造城市形态第三章 新城市主义第四章 规划中的可持续性:一场运动的弧度和轨迹与21世纪城市的新方向第五章 区域发展规划第六章 都市主义:区域规划协会的规划方案对都市规划的塑造及反映第七章 区域竞争力:谱系、实践和意识形态第八章 城市发展第九章 公私合作参与:承诺与实践第十章 善治:理念的膨胀第十一章 美洲的自助建房理念与实践第十二章 反思性实践第十三章 沟通式规划:应用实践、原发理念和修辞第十四章 作为负责任实践的社会正义:种族、民族及公民权利时代的影响索 引
从宜居性到区域性,从治理到专业反思性实践,本书为我们证明了熟悉且基本的规划理念如何及为何创造了不同。这些文章所提供的不仅是关于城市与区域规划理论和实践的概述,而且是极具价值的知识导论。——约翰?福里斯特(美国康奈尔大学城市与区域规划学教授)所有的论文作者都在事实上采用了历史的方法,为过去百多年来北美*为重要的一些规划对话提供了关键的视角……《关键的规划理念》将成为几代规划学专业研究生的书。——约翰?弗里德曼(加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学社区与区域规划学院荣誉教授)
章 四组规划对话比希瓦普利亚?桑亚尔 劳伦斯?J.韦尔 克里斯蒂娜?D.罗珊本书致力于理解加强都市和区域规划领域的核心情感和感觉,并引发对该领域过去一百年间的进化的讨论。我们将这些讨论概念化为“规划对话”,以都市历史学家罗伯特?菲什曼在其关于“都市对话”的文章中早提出的一种学术调查类型为基础(Fishman,2000)。本书中的对话是一种专业对话形式,由参与塑造都市及区域规划领域进化过程的四个关键问题讨论的学者进行:为什么说有些地方更适合居住?哪种区域管辖结构既有助于经济增长又有助于促进社会平等?哪种治理方式对创造国家、市场及公民社会之间的协同关系是必要的?提高城市及区域居民的生活质量需要哪些专业知识和技能?诚然,这些并不是过去一百年间许多影响了都市和区域规划领域轨迹的人士所关注的全部问题,本书也并非要在世界各地规划事业详尽历史性描述的基础上给出以上问题的确切答案。本书所包含的对话专注于作者(学术观察者,有时候也是实践者)自身关注的这些问题。我们希望这些人士的思想可以引发更深入的探讨,进而丰富都市和区域规划领域知识。感谢相关人士对这一领域历史演变的记录(Ward,2002;Hall,1998),这些研究深深地影响了我们关于规划对话地理经度的考量。这些跨越千山万水而进行的对话,通常包含对规划理念不同形式的引用,有时是原汁原味的,但更多时候是经过筛选和综合的。正如斯蒂芬?沃德(2002)所观察的,有时规划理念从一种背景转移至另一种背景,并由独裁方式强加(殖民主义和战后重建事业的背景下),有时候以更具商谈性和竞争性的方式展开(尤其是在第二次世界大战后的欧洲),有时候在达成共识的情况下展开(如欧盟或全球环境峰会)。但通常而言,专业对话很少是参与者的平等对话。各种偏见、倾向及先入为主的观念都影响了观点的传达。本书作者们考虑了规划对话中的不平等因素。他们往往非常关注对话受支配性国家、机构和个人的影响程度。在描述规划理念进化的时候,我们并未按照时间顺序进行,正如彼得?霍尔编著的《明日之城》(1988),我们也不局限于西方国家的物理式规划。我们的探究方式具有解释意义:我们探寻对话的精髓,无论其来自哪里,通向何处。许多对话源自西方,但后来跨越地理界线,从高度都市化国家流向新型都市化国家。我们对于全球范围内这种对话的理解并未涵盖所有。我们让对话参与者讲述自己对于为什么集体谈话的一些元素保持下来,而另一些则渐渐消亡的理解。由于大部分对话参与者是在美国或加拿大规划项目任教的学者,其理解受到“本国”对话的影响。更重要的是,在他们的规划对话的重建中产生的是,美国机构(如大学)在塑造规划理念方面的主导作用,尤其是过去五十年间。这一点确实不仅限于城市或区域规划领域。《时代》周刊的出版人亨利?卢斯在1941年杜撰了短语“美国世纪”,来描述并预测美国机构在科学、技术、商业甚至政治等方面的主导作用,尤其是在第二次世界大战之后(Evans,Buckland & Baker,1998)。虽然本书的作者们承认(有时是暗示),第二次世界大战后许多主导性规划理念出现在美国并得到广泛传播,但是他们对于规划对话是否影响规划结果以及影响机制的理解有所不同。然而,这一过程备受争议,同时无法预测。20世纪60年代以来,美国国内和世界各地的规划对话基本不是均质的或支配的。关于实质性规划问题和程序上规划问题的争论有很多,但与自然科学不同的是,争论的清晰解决方案却很少,甚至没有。这是规划对话而并非规划学说更好地掌握了进化过程本质的原因之一。这也肯定了,规划领域中存在诸多争论,一些支配性的关注点已经阻止了对话的简化。我们指出了丰富对话又塑造进化过程的四个主题。这些主题是有影响力的规划理念:它们集中于地点的宜居性,各空间尺度上区域性的治理,国家、市场及公民社会等关键领域之间的职责分配,专业权威的效力及适当运用。本书的文章探讨了这些对话的本质及作用。这些想法从何而来?由谁提出或引入?如何在规划师中流传?是否有人对这些观点有所质疑,如果有,为什么?外界的质疑是否改变了这些观点,或引起概念感染力的复兴?对这些问题的解答可以阐明观点、制度,以及世界各地城市和区域社会经济背景的变化是怎样塑造了规划对话的。这些分析还将揭示论证的核心观点和主导模式,标示出这一相对于法律和医药领域更为年轻的规划领域。规划师的这些关注、担心、希望和愿望影响着其专业行为的意向性,故而有助于划定其专业使命的界限。规划对话并非简单的谈话。我们试图探索自工业化和城市化早期以来,规划师的意图是如何进化成现今的专业程度的。这些问题引起了麻省理工学院城市研究与规划系(DUSP)的兴趣,因此我们邀请了十几位著名规划学者帮我们确定关键的规划理念。这些个人观点又揭露了规划领域更多更长的对话,终形成了本书文章中的模样。
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