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乌有园第二辑:幻梦与真实
$75.84
在2014年12月出版《乌有园*辑:绘画与园林》之后,两位编者王欣和金秋野继续借助“乌有园”系列,总结并呈现近年国内学者和建筑师对中国传统园林文化及其当代传承的探讨成果。除了两位编者的理论文章、实践作品之外,《乌有园第二辑:幻梦与真实》更邀请了董豫赣、李兴钢、鲁安东、宋曙华等其他诸位作者,从“作品”“研究”“视野”等不同角度,探讨传统绘画、园林与当代建筑设计语言的转化关系。
王欣,中国美术学院建筑艺术学院副教授、乌有园社创始人、造园工作室主持建筑师。从事传统中国文人造园艺术的研究与教学多年,致力于当代中国本土建筑设计的探索与创新。代表设计与研究作品有:《介词园之卷》《西江二号园》《苏州补丁七记》《五十四院》《破境·密林雅集》《如画观法二十四式》等。著有《如画观法》;另与金秋野联合主编“乌有园”系列丛书。
题语 Foreword (叶放)
开卷 Open Books
作为异托邦的江南园林(童明)
石山壹品(董豫赣)
乌有园实验(王欣)
闭门即是深山(金秋野)
作品 Works
微园记(葛明)
瞬时桃花源(李兴钢)
静谧与喧嚣(李兴钢)
双园捌法(董豫赣)
泉州的“红房子”(王欣)
研究 Researches
隐匿的转变:对20世纪留园变迁的空间分析(鲁安东)
想象中的对话:利玛窦的晚明苏州(吴宏德)
抱残守缺(宋曙华)
藏书园林的想象与记叙——从“嫏嬛福地”的写作与在场谈起(周公钊)
园林的日常——基于“园林物件”的测绘(覃池泉)
视野 Horizons
从“潇湘八景”看南宋山水画的禅意境(颛孙恩扬)
专题 Special Topics
按辞典的解释,园字外口,表示由围墙构成了一个园的空间界限。
其实世间本无墙,因人而有墙,所谓世界是指人类事物与自然大千的范围,本无疆域境,本无门户,是人的意愿才有了墙的设立。墙是拥有也是隔阂,墙是隐私也是拒绝,是防御保护也是闭塞狭隘。然而园墙是高明的,一方面白墙高耸,构成关起门来的精致,一方面墙上开窗,透出与现世的亲近与交融。正是通过这个窗口,墙外的滚滚红尘与墙内的寂寂仙境,似隔非隔,出世而入世。
…………
自宋元至明清,造园的技艺成熟而精湛,可供营造的资源及可以造就的内容丰富而多元。就以构成园林的元素来看,园林之山有奇峰、怪石、叠嶂、层峦、悬崖、峭壁、峡谷、磴道、石梁、岩柱、洞室、岛屿、土堤、石几;园林之水有瀑布、溪流、山泉、山涧、水口、潭渊、湖泊、池塘、泷川、港湾;而园林建筑则有宫殿、厅堂、楼阁、轩榭、斋馆、亭台、廊桥、船舫等等;至于园林的植物,有各种奇树异木、珍花稀草,常绿落叶,乔木灌木,可以赏花赏叶,品香品色;有各种飞鸟游鱼,宠虫友禽,鸟语蝉噪、鱼嚼蛙鼓,可以放鸭牧鹅,唤鹿携鹤。
除了真山,还有假山真作,宛自天开,从堆土成台到垒石抱土再到叠石为山,假山的出现对园林来说如同墨的发明对山水画而言一样,如生命有了骨架。除了古泉,还有新泉古作,渊源流长,从傍水疏理到挖渠引流再到凿泉聚水,不可不用手工取水机械取水电力取水以确保园不得无水,如生命有了血液。
好园必有个性,嘉林必具格调,早已成为主人写照的园林,每一座都有自己的语境与特色,因此行园、望园、游园、居园就是与园及与园主人的好沟通和交流,读园如会友,人园两忘机。
以园养人,因园而人,人们在造园的同时,赋予园林文化的意念与藴涵;也在居园的同时,赋予园林文明的滋养与积淀。所谓文人比德,是以事物拟人,一块奇石,一泓清池,一棵花树,都被赋予了文人的性情比喻,品格象征,道德寓意和理想寄托,也就是器以载道,一种物化诗画的园林哲学。
摘自童明:《作为异托邦的江南园林》
广袤的世界并不缺乏奇山妙水的自然环境,在人居密集的城市环境中营造一种特殊的自然空间,此类意图在日常生活世界确实令人感到有些怪异。我们可以说,园林是一种不同于现实世界的“另类空间”(another space),进而令人联想到米歇尔·福柯(Michel Foucault)所谓的“异托邦”(heterotopias)。
福柯将园林称为古老的异托邦。在世界上多数的案例中,园林实体是在生活世界中经由围合、隔离所形成的一种微缩空间,然而它所企图呈现的,却是整个世界,一个象征着臻于完善的世界。
在这一相对隔离的环境里,某些不同于日常的生活秩序可以包容于其中,这是一种对于烟尘的脱离,对于喧嚣的脱离,对于社会的脱离。然而另一方面,这一脱离又是相对的,一墙之隔使得园林主人能够在“卜居动静之间”,达到“不以山水为忘”的深层理念。
与那种在世界上并不真实存在的“乌托邦”不同,园林这类所谓的“异托邦”是真实存在的。如果按照华林园的模式,我们可以认为,江南园林如需实现预设中的效果,则应当具备以下的一些基本特征:
1.这一处所既是邻近的,又是遥远的。
如果按照六朝建康的复原图,在这段文字中所谓的华林园应当就处在宫殿北侧不远之处。司马昱的“不必在远”意味着这样一种别样的“异托邦”与壅塞的烦心事务仅有一壁之隔,山水世界与日常生活的辨分就处在恍惚之间。
在城市内核,深宫内院,“不必在远”就意味着这只可能是一种完全人工的自然,而不是天然存在的自然。即便这样的一幅画面本身并不特殊,但是由于它所矗立的那个地点,就足以显示出某种截然的特别之处。
正是需要呈现这样一种有些另类的特别之处,这一空间又需要是遥远的,尽管它与日常世界只相隔数米,但是环绕闭合的高墙,幽狭曲折的路径使得通向它的过程十分漫长,从而使得“极远”的山川自然获得一种“极近”的身体触感,激发出一种身居轩冕之中而心有山林的气息。这一距离不仅是物理性的,也是心理性的。在从世俗生活的外在世界迈向封闭围合的内在自然的过程中,园林需要屏断、阻隔、蜿蜒,将观赏者带向遥遥不及的终点,以此平和心律呼吸,调理日常感受。
2.这一处所既是稔熟的,又是陌生的。
“不必在远”既揭示了空间距离的关系,也透露出某种既熟悉又陌生的意外之喜,这意味着司马昱在华林园中所拾获的感受,在其他地方必然也曾经历过。
园林空间并非如此需要差异化,即便是在当前所存的江南园林中,不仅主题之间大有雷同,内部的场景也多有重复,同样的曲径、危桥,同样的石窟、洞门,自然使人联想到中国山水画的稔熟程式。
但是进入园林的游览却是另外一种实际体验,即便曾经到访过多次,但每次入园之际,观者都需不自觉地踌躇一下,即便园林所占据的场地并不宽阔,从那一狭小门洞中所透露出来的空间和体量,却也会蕴含着似乎无限的深度内容。在观者的眼前,即将出现的是一幅采用山石、溪水和垂柳所构成的画面。然而就是这样一些似曾相识的景致,这样一些程式化的内容,伴随着阴晴季节的轮回转换,伴随着游历停伫的不同心境,却也造就了可以无穷的意境,以至于观者流连忘返,意犹未尽。
3.这一处所既是现实的,又是虚构的。
作为一种脱离日常秩序的另类空间,园林在本质上并非用以承载实用功能;同样,园林对于自然的描绘并不意味着“按它本来的样子”,因为翳然的山水在世界上并不稀见。园林的这一其他目的,是要去呈现一处真实的梦幻虚境,一个微缩的假想世界,并且,这种纯自然的景象需要能够唤起濠、濮间的臆想。
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